Monitoring and treating pain with epidermal electronics

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are described for monitoring, treating, and preventing a pain state of an individual. In an aspect, a system includes, but is not limited to, a deformable substrate; a sensor assembly coupled to the deformable substrate, the sensor assembly including a motion sensor and a physiological sensor, the sensor assembly configured to generate one or more sense signals based on detection of a movement of the body portion by the motion sensor and a physiological parameter of the body portion by the physiological sensor; a processor including circuitry configured to identify a physiological state of the individual subject based on at least one of the movement of the body portion or the physiological parameter; and an effector operably coupled to the processor and configured to affect the body portion responsive to control by the processor.

If an Application Data Sheet (ADS) has been filed on the filing date ofthis application, it is incorporated by reference herein. Anyapplications claimed on the ADS for priority under 35 U.S.C. §§119, 120,121, or 365(c), and any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent,etc. applications of such applications, are also incorporated byreference, including any priority claims made in those applications andany material incorporated by reference, to the extent such subjectmatter is not inconsistent herewith.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of the earliest availableeffective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the“Priority Applications”), if any, listed below (e.g., claims earliestavailable priority dates for other than provisional patent applicationsor claims benefits under 35 USC §119(e) for provisional patentapplications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent,etc. applications of the Priority Application(s)).

PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

The present application constitutes, a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/334,434, entitled USE OF EPIDERMALELECTRONIC DEVICES TO MEASURE ORIENTATION, naming ALISTAIR K. CHAN,RODERICK A. HYDE, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, and DAVID B. TUCKERMAN asinventors, filed 17 Jul. 2014 with attorney docket no.0413-006-002-000000, which is currently co-pending or is an applicationof which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefitof the filing date.

The present application constitutes, a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/504,944, entitled EPIDERMAL ELECTRONICSTO MONITOR REPETITIVE STRESS INJURIES AND ARTHRITIS, naming RODERICK A.HYDE, JORDIN T. KARE, ERIC C. LEUTHARDT, MARK A. MALAMUD, ELIZABETH A.SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. TEGREENE, CHARLES WHITMER, and LOWELL L. WOOD JR.as inventors, filed 2 Oct. 2014 with attorney docket no.1213-002-004-CIP001, which is currently co-pending or is an applicationof which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefitof the filing date.

The present application constitutes, a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/504,954, entitled EPIDERMAL ELECTRONICSTO MONITOR REPETITIVE STRESS INJURIES AND ARTHRITIS, naming RODERICK A.HYDE, JORDIN T. KARE, ERIC C. LEUTHARDT, MARK A. MALAMUD, ELIZABETH A.SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. TEGREENE, CHARLES WHITMER, and LOWELL L. WOOD JR.as inventors, filed 2 Oct. 2014 with attorney docket no.1213-002-004-CIP002, which is currently co-pending or is an applicationof which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefitof the filing date.

If the listings of applications provided above are inconsistent with thelistings provided via an ADS, it is the intent of the Applicant to claimpriority to each application that appears in the DomesticBenefit/National Stage Information section of the ADS and to eachapplication that appears in the Priority Applications section of thisapplication.

All subject matter of the Priority Applications and of any and allapplications related to the Priority Applications by priority claims(directly or indirectly), including any priority claims made and subjectmatter incorporated by reference therein as of the filing date of theinstant application, is incorporated herein by reference to the extentsuch subject matter is not inconsistent herewith.

SUMMARY

In an aspect, a system includes, but is not limited to, a deformablesubstrate configured to interface with a skin surface of a body portionof an individual subject; a sensor assembly coupled to the deformablesubstrate, the sensor assembly including a motion sensor and aphysiological sensor, the sensor assembly configured to generate one ormore sense signals based on detection of a movement of the body portionby the motion sensor and a physiological parameter of the body portionby the physiological sensor; a processor operably coupled to the sensorassembly and configured to receive the one or more sense signals, theprocessor including circuitry configured to identify a physiologicalstate of the individual subject based on at least one of the movement ofthe body portion or the physiological parameter; and an effectoroperably coupled to the processor and configured to affect the bodyportion responsive to control by the processor.

In an aspect, a method includes, but is not limited to, detecting, viaan epidermal electronic system (EES), a movement of a body portion and aphysiological parameter of the body portion; generating one or moresense signals based on detection of the movement of the body portion andthe physiological parameter of the body portion; receiving the one ofmore sense signals with a computer processor; identifying aphysiological state of the individual subject based on at least one ofthe movement of the body portion or the physiological parameter; andtransmitting a control signal to activate an effector to act on the bodyportion upon identification of the physiological state.

The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be inany way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments,and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and featureswill become apparent by reference to the drawings and the followingdetailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A is a schematic view of an embodiment of an epidermal electronicsdevice showing individual cells of the device.

FIG. 1B is a schematic cross section view of an embodiment of anepidermal electronics device showing individual cells of the device.

FIG. 2A is a schematic view of an embodiment of an epidermal electronicsdevice showing cells configured to measure orientation usingaccelerometers.

FIG. 2B is a schematic view of an embodiment of the epidermalelectronics device showing cells configured to measure orientation usinginclinometers and/or gyroscopes.

FIG. 2C is an illustration of a sensor configuration according to oneembodiment of the epidermal electronics device.

FIG. 3A is an exploded schematic view of an embodiment of the epidermalelectronics device showing greater detail.

FIG. 3B is a schematic view of an embodiment of the epidermalelectronics device showing greater detail of the electronics assembly.

FIG. 4A is a schematic view of an additional embodiment of the epidermalelectronics device.

FIG. 4B is a schematic view of the electronics layer of an additionalembodiment of the epidermal electronics device.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of two embodiments of the epidermalelectronics device in communication with each other.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an embodiment the epidermal electronicsdevice as used to measure orientation relative to several body parts.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart detailing operation of one embodiment of theepidermal electronics device.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart with additional detail showing the operation onan embodiment of the epidermal electronics device.

FIG. 9 is a schematic of a system for monitoring, treating, andpreventing a repetitive stress injury, arthritis or other medicalcondition.

FIG. 10 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 9.

FIG. 12 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 9.

FIG. 13 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 9.

FIG. 14 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 9.

FIG. 15A is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 9.

FIG. 15B is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 9.

FIG. 16 is a schematic of a system for monitoring, treating, andpreventing a repetitive stress injury, arthritis or other medicalcondition.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a method of monitoring, preventing, andtreating a medical condition associated with a repetitive stress injury,arthritis, or other medical condition.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 17.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 17.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 19.

FIG. 22 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 19.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 17.

FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 17.

FIG. 25 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 17.

FIG. 26 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 17.

FIG. 27 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 26.

FIG. 28 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 17.

FIG. 29 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 17.

FIG. 30 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of a method such as shown inFIG. 17.

FIG. 31 is a schematic of a system for monitoring and treating aphysiological condition of an individual subject, including but notlimited to monitoring and treating a pain state of the individualsubject.

FIG. 32 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 31.

FIG. 33 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 31.

FIG. 34 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 31.

FIG. 35 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 31.

FIG. 36 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system such as shown inFIG. 31.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless contextdictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in thedetailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting.Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matterpresented here.

Generally, an epidermal electronics device may include a thin layer ofelectronic circuits. This thin layer is supported by a barrier layer andoptionally encapsulated by a substrate layer. The device is configuredto attach to or otherwise engage skin or other tissue, such as by beingaffixed to the skin via an adhesive material, held in place by anexternal pressure, such as pressure provided by a material wrappedaround or about a body portion (e.g., a fabric, a garment, a glove, abandage, etc.), affixed in a textile, fabric, garment, accessory (e.g.,a glove, a sock, a finger cot, etc.), or so forth. The device is alsoconfigured to allow the electronic circuits to flex without beingdamaged. The epidermal electronics device includes electronics formeasuring various parameters. In general, an epidermal electronicsdevice may be used for a variety of medical applications.

Referring to FIG. 1A, an embodiment of epidermal electronics device 100is shown to include substrate layer 105. Epidermal electronics device100 further includes electronics layer 107 located between substratelayer 105 and barrier layer 109. Electronics layer 107 is shown throughsubstrate layer 105 with view 110. Included within electronics layer 107are cells 120. Epidermal electronics device 100 is illustrated asattached to attachment surface 103.

Substrate layer 105 facilitates the transfer of epidermal electronicsdevice 100 to attachment surface 103. For example, substrate layer 105may provide a backing which is used to transfer electronics layer 107 toattachment surface 103. Substrate layer 105 may then peel away fromelectronics layer 107 leaving electronics layer 107 attached toattachment surface 103 via barrier layer 109. Substrate layer 107 mayalso provide protection to electronics layer 107 during the handling ofepidermal electronics device 100. Substrate layer 105 also providessupport for electronics layer 107. Barrier layer 109 can be an elastomeror polymer suited for use in contact with organic tissue. In someembodiments, the barrier layer 109 is a bio compatible or otherwiseinert material. In some embodiments, barrier layer 109 may have a lowelastic modulus, e.g., one which is significantly lower (e.g., less thanhalf) of the elastic modulus of attachment surface 103. For example,barrier layer 109 may comprise a low modulus polymeric material such asPDMS or BASF. For example, the substrate layer 105 may be a rubber orsilicone material. In some embodiments, substrate layer 105 may be watersoluble. Substrate layer 105 may be dissolved following transfer of theepidermal electronics device 100 onto the attachment surface 103. Insome embodiments, substrate layer 105 need not be biocompatible as it isremoved completely or partially following the transfer of epidermalelectronics device 100 onto the attachment surface 103. Substrate layer105 provides protection to electronics layer 107 from external sourcesof damage. External sources of damage may include moisture, physicaldamage (e.g., from a user touching epidermal electronics device 100),electrical interference, magnetic interference, etc.

In one embodiment, attachment surface 103 is the skin of a user. Inother embodiments, attachment surface 103 includes other organs. Forexample, attachment surface 103 may be bone, muscle tissue, the heart,the lungs, etc. In some embodiments, attachment surface 103 is a bandageattached or to be attached to the skin or other organ. In someembodiments, attachment surface 103 is a covering such as a glove,finger cot, or the like.

Epidermal electronics device 100 is held in contact with attachmentsurface 103 through conformal contact. In some embodiments, epidermalelectronics device 100 is held in contact with attachment surface 103through close-contact atomic forces or van der Waals interactions. Inother embodiments, epidermal electronics device 100 is held in contactwith attachment surface 103 through the use of an adhesive. The adhesivemay be applied after the epidermal electronics device 100 is placed onattachment surface 103. For example, the adhesive may be a spray onbandage or may be adhesive tape. The adhesive may also be included as acomponent of barrier layer 109.

According to one embodiment, barrier layer 109 at least partiallyencompasses the electronics layer 107. In some embodiments, barrierlayer 109 encompasses the entirety of epidermal electronics layer 107.In other embodiments, barrier layer 109 only coats electronics layer 107on the surface opposite substrate layer 105. Barrier layer 109 may alsopartially coat electronics layer 107 to allow for contact betweenelements or cells of electronics layer 107 and the attachment surface103.

With continued reference to FIG. 1A, electronics layer 107 is locatedbetween substrate layer 105 and barrier layer 109. Barrier layer 109and/or substrate layer 105 provides support for the elements ofelectronics layer 107. View 110, illustrated as a dashed line, showselectronics layer 107 through substrate layer 105. In one embodiment,electronics layer 107 includes an array of cells 120. Cells 120 containindividual sensors or components. Cells 120 are also in communicationwith other components in electronics layer 107. In some embodiments,cells 120 may be in communication with each other or a subset of othercells 120 within epidermal electronics device 100. Cells 120 may also bein communication with other elements. For example, cells 120 may be incommunication with a power supply, control circuit, and/orcommunications device. Cells 120 may also contain connections to allowpower delivery to the component in the cell, input/output to and fromthe component in the cell, and/or multiplexing circuitry. In someembodiments, cells 120 may contain sensors such as accelerometers,inclinometers, magnetometers, or gyroscopes. These sensors may be of themicro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) type, given the small scale ofepidermal electronics device 100 and associated components; MEMSaccelerometers, gyroscopes, and inclinometers are commercially availablefrom multiple vendors. The sensors may also be part of or supported byintegrated circuits or systems on a chip (SOCs). Cells 120 may alsocontain interaction devices such as drug delivery systems, electrodes,motion capture markers, etc. Interaction devices may also be MEMS, partof or supported by integrated circuits, or SOCs. According to variousalternative embodiments, cells 120 may include circuitry facilitatingmultiplexing of sensor output, transformers, amplifiers, circuitry forprocessing data and control signals, one or more transistors, etc.

FIG. 1B illustrates a cross section schematic view of one embodiment ofepidermal electronics device 100. Substrate layer 105 is the topmostlayer relative to attachment surface 103 and protects electronics layer107 from the external environment. Barrier layer 109 is in contact withattachment surface 103 and protects electronics layer 107 fromattachment surface 103. Electronics layer 107 is between barrier layer109 and substrate layer 105. Electronics layer 107 is shown with cells120 located therein.

As previously discussed, attachment surface 103 may be the skin of auser. Barrier layer 109 attaches epidermal electronics device 100 toattachment surface 103. Barrier layer 109 also protects electroniccomponents of epidermal electronics device 100 from damage caused byattachment surface 103. Electronics layer 107, which includes electroniccomponents of epidermal electronics device 100, is coupled to barrierlayer 109. Lastly, substrate layer 105 is coupled to electronics layer107. Substrate layer 105 may provide a surface on which epidermalelectronics device 100 is constructed, further protects the electronicscomponents of epidermal electronics device 100, and/or facilitates theattachment of epidermal electronics device 100 to attachment surface 103(e.g., provides a peel away surface which may be grasped while attachingepidermal electronics device 100.

In alternative embodiments, epidermal electronics device may include asubset of the layers described above. For example, epidermal electronicsdevice 100 may include only barrier layer 109 and the electroniccomponents described herein. Barrier layer 109 may protect theelectronic components, attach epidermal electronics device 100 toattachment surface 103, and provide a surface on which epidermalelectronics device 100 is constructed. Substrate layer 105 is anoptional component of epidermal electronics device 100.

FIG. 2A illustrates a schematic view of a portion of epidermalelectronics device 100 according to one embodiment and shows sensors andsensor combinations which may be used. In some embodiments, epidermalelectronics device 100 includes one or more single-axis accelerometers700. Each accelerometer is located within one of cells 120. Single-axisaccelerometers 700 may be positioned at angles such as first angle 720and second angle 730. Some embodiments of epidermal electronics device100 include multi-axis accelerometer 710.

In one embodiment, epidermal electronics device 100 includes two or moresingle-axis accelerometers 700. Each accelerometer is part of a singlecell 120. Cell 120 facilitates communication between the single-axisaccelerometer 700 and other components of the electronics layer 107.Cell 120 may include one or more transistors. As is shown with view 110,illustrated with a dashed line, the single-axis accelerometers 700 arepart of electronics layer 107. Single-axis accelerometer 700 is a MEMSaccelerometer measuring acceleration along a single axis. Onesingle-axis accelerometer 700 is shown oriented at a first angle 720.Another single-axis accelerometer 700 is shown oriented at a secondangle 730. By orienting two single-axis accelerometers at differentangles, 720 and 730, the rotation and orientation of the epidermalelectronics device 100 may be determined from the sensor outputs. Thedifferent angles 720 and 730 may result in the single-axisaccelerometers being oriented along different planes. The single-axisaccelerometers may be slightly or fully opposed. Some embodiments of theepidermal electronics device 100 include multi-axis accelerometer 710.

FIG. 2B illustrates additional sensors which may be included in anembodiment of epidermal electronics device 100. These additional sensorsmay include one or more of single-axis inclinometers 703, multi-axisinclinometers 713, single-axis gyroscopes 705, and multi-axis gyroscopes715. Inclinometers may be used to measure an orientation of epidermalelectronics device 100 relative to the direction of gravity. Onesingle-axis inclinometer 703 may be oriented at first angle 723. Anothersingle-axis inclinometer 703 may be oriented at second angle 733. Byorienting two single-axis inclinometers at different angles, 723 and733, two components of the orientation of epidermal electronics device100 relative to the direction of gravity may be determined from thesensor outputs. The different angles 720 and 730 may result in thesingle-axis inclinometers being oriented along different axes.Single-axis inclinometers may be used to measure pitch or roll relativeto the direction of gravity. Some embodiments of epidermal electronicsdevice 100 include a multi-axis inclinometer 713, i.e., to measure bothpitch and roll. In some embodiments, electronics layer 107 includes oneor more gyroscopes to measure an angular velocity of epidermalelectronics device 100. In some embodiments, electronics layer 107includes one or more single-axis gyroscopes 705 (e.g., a MEMS vibratingstructure gyroscope). One single-axis gyroscope 705 may be oriented atfirst angle 725. Another single-axis gyroscope 705 may be oriented atsecond angle 735. By orienting two single-axis gyroscopes at differentangles, 725 and 735, two components of the angular velocity of epidermalelectronics device 100 may be determined from the sensor outputs. Thedifferent angles 725 and 735 may result in the single-axis inclinometersbeing oriented along different axes. Single-axis gyroscopes may be usedto measure pitch, roll, and/or yaw. Some embodiments of epidermalelectronics device 100 include a multi-axis gyroscope 715.

FIG. 2C illustrates an embodiment of epidermal electronics device 100 inwhich two sensors are arranged to measure the motion (angular and/ortranslational) of epidermal electronics device 100. Single-axisaccelerometer 704 is shown positioned with its axis of measurementparallel to and along the Z axis of a three dimensional space.Single-axis accelerometer 704 has first angle 720 defining a zero degreeangle with axis Z. Second single-axis accelerometer 706 is shown withits axis of measurement not in alignment with the axis Z. Secondaccelerometer 706 has an axis of measurement defined by second angle 730from the Z axis. This angle may be greater than zero degrees. Themeasurement axis of second single-axis accelerometer 706 is furtherdefined by angle 731 which defines the measurement axis relative to theX-Y plane. As is shown in the illustrated embodiment, single-axisaccelerometers 704 and 706 are configured to be slightly opposed (e.g.,single-axis accelerometer 704 is aligned with the Z axis and secondsingle-axis accelerometer 706 is positioned with second angle 730 ofthirty degrees and angle 731 of fifteen degrees). In some embodiments,multiple single-axis accelerometers 703 are configured to measureacceleration along the X, Y, and Z axes. In further embodiments,additional single-axis gyroscopes are configured to measure rotationabout the X, Y, and Z axes in addition to acceleration along the X, Y,and Z axes. In some embodiments, one or more single-axis inclinometersare substituted for one or more accelerometers or gyroscopes.Single-axis inclinometers may also be used to provide redundantmeasurements. In some embodiments, the measurements provided by one ormore inclinometers are used to verify the orientation of the epidermalelectronics device as determined using other data. In some embodiments,single-axis gyroscopes are substituted for one or more accelerometers.Single-axis gyroscopes may also be used to provide redundantmeasurements. In some embodiments, the accelerometers, inclinometers,and/or gyroscopes include multi-axis accelerometers, multi-axisinclinometers, and/or multi-axis gyroscopes.

In one embodiment, single-axis accelerometer 704 is positioned on anaxis. Second single single-axis accelerometer 706 is positioned alongthe same axis but laterally displaced from accelerometer 704.Single-axis accelerometer 704 and second single single-axisaccelerometer 706 are poisoned to measure acceleration along the sameaxis but with opposite signs. Acceleration along the axis will read aspositive acceleration to one of the two accelerometers and negativeacceleration to the other of the two accelerometers. Therefore, whenthere is acceleration without rotation, the sum of the accelerationmeasured by single-axis accelerometer 704 and second single single-axisaccelerometer 706 will be zero or approximately zero (e.g.,approximately zero accounting for measurement error, etc.). Rotationwhich is measured by the two accelerometers will result in a netacceleration measured by the two accelerometers. Therefore, twodisplaced single-axis accelerometers oppositely aligned along the sameaxis may detect or measure rotation, i.e., angular velocity and/orangular acceleration.

In general terms and with reference to FIGS. 1A-2C, sensors (e.g.,accelerometers, inclinometers, gyroscopes, etc.) are positioned andoriented within electronics layer 107 of epidermal electronics device100 such that angular motion and orientation of the device may bemeasured. Many configurations are possible and the embodiments describedherein are not intended to be limiting. By using opposed or slightlyopposed single-axis sensors of the types discussed, epidermalelectronics device 100 may be configured to measure the orientationand/or angular motion of the device and therefore the attachment surface103 to which the epidermal electronics device 100 is attached (e.g., abody part such as a limb, etc.). In some embodiments, a plurality ofsingle-axis sensors are used to measure the orientation of epidermalelectronics device 100. For example, six single-axis accelerometers 103may be used to measure a total of six degrees of freedom. The sixsingle-axis accelerometers may measure X axis acceleration, Y axisacceleration, and Z axis acceleration along with pitch, roll, and yawangular accelerations about those axes. In some embodiments,combinations of multiple sensor types are used to achieve the samefunctionality. For example, three single-axis accelerometers may beconfigured to measure X axis acceleration, Y axis acceleration, and Zaxis acceleration with an additional three single-axis gyroscopesconfigured to measure pitch, roll, and yaw angular velocities aboutthose axes. Other sensors may also be used to measure the orientation,rotation, and/or position of the epidermal electronics device 100 andattachment surface 103. For example, a multi-axis accelerometermeasuring X axis acceleration, Y axis acceleration, and Z axisacceleration may be used in conjunction with a multi-axis gyroscope tomeasure pitch, roll, and yaw angular velocities about those axes.

FIG. 3A illustrates an exploded schematic view of one embodiment ofepidermal electronics device 100. This embodiment includes substratelayer 105, electronics layer 107 including layer of material 111, andbarrier layer 109.

Further included within barrier layer 109 are barrier openings 119.

Substrate layer 105 may provide physical support for electronics layer107. Substrate layer 105 may also facilitate attachment of the epidermalelectronics device 100, including electronics layer 107 and barrierlayer 109, to the attachment surface 103. In some embodiments, substratelayer 105 may be discarded or dissolved after the epidermal electronicsdevice 100 has been attached to attachment surface 103.

Electronics layer 107 is illustrated as including components on a layerof material 111. Layer 111 may be used to provide mechanical support tothe components of electronics layer 107. It may also be used tofacilitate manufacturing of electronics layer 107. In some embodiments,electronics layer 107 is made up only of the electronic componentstherein (e.g., there is no supporting layer of material). In such acase, electronics layer 107 may be manufactured on substrate layer 105or barrier layer 109. Substrate layer 105 or barrier layer 109 providesthe mechanical support necessary to make and use epidermal electronicsdevice 100.

Substrate layer 105 provides protection to the components of theelectronics layer 107. Substrate layer 105 may prevent external forcesand elements from interfering with the functions of electronics layer107. For example, substrate layer 105 may prevent moisture from reachingelectronics layer 107. In some embodiments, substrate layer 105 may alsoprevent physical damage to the components of electronics layer 107.Substrate layer 105 may also shield electronics layer 107 from outsidesources of radiation, magnetic fields, light, etc. In some embodiments,barrier layer 109 is permeable or semipermeable. For example, barrierlayer 109 may be semipermeable to allow the transfer of drugs throughbarrier layer 109. Barrier layer 109, as depicted, may include one ormore barrier openings 119. In one embodiment, barrier openings 119correspond to a particular cell or group of cells 120. The barrieropenings 119 allows for elements of electronics layer 107 to have directcontact with attachment surface 103. A sensor 770 may have directcontact with attachment surface 103 through barrier opening 119. In someembodiments, epidermal electronics device 100 may be configured withbarrier openings 119 in order to better facilitate operation of one ormore sensors 770. For example, allowing direct contact with attachmentsurface 103 may improve the accuracy of an orientation sensor such as anaccelerometer. Likewise, a sensor such as a moisture sensor may haveimproved readings if in contact with attachment surface 103. Barrieropenings 119 also facilitate the operation of interaction devices 780.Interaction devices 780 may operate more efficiently if in directcontact with attachment surface 103

FIG. 3B illustrates electronics assembly 113 according to oneembodiment. Electronics assembly 113 includes components which arelocated in electronics layer 107. As depicted, electronics assembly 113and the components therein may not be supported by an additional layerof material 111 (e.g., electronics assembly 113 may include onlycircuits and components without a supporting material or substrate). Insome embodiments, electronics assembly 113 is produced on substratelayer 105 (not pictured in FIG. 3B). Electronics assembly 113 mayinclude cells 120, sensors 770, interaction devices 780, power source740 connected to other components via power connection 741,communications device 750 connected to other components viacommunications connection 753, control circuit 760, and input/outputconnection 751. In some embodiments, control circuit 760 furtherincludes memory 761, processor 763, and multiplexer 765.

Interaction device 780 allows epidermal electronics device 100 tointeract with attachment surface 103. Interaction device 780 may beconfigured to provide stimulation to the attachment surface in the formof applied voltage and/or drug delivery. For example, interaction device780 may be a MEMS drug delivery system. Alternatively, interactiondevice 780 may be an electrode for delivering an applied voltage to theattachment surface. Interaction device 780 also allows external devicesto interact with the epidermal electronics device 100. For example, acamera or motion capture system may monitor the position of theepidermal electronics device. Interaction device 780 may be a passivemotion capture marker. Interaction device 780 may also be an activemotion capture marker. In some embodiments, interaction device 780 is alight emitting diode (LED) controlled by control circuit 760. The LEDmay be illuminated intermittently to allow a motion capture system torecord the orientation and/or movement of epidermal electronics device100. This data may be used to calibrate epidermal electronics device100. It may also be used as a constraint when estimating the orientationand movement of the epidermal electronics device from data gathered bysensors 770. For example, the orientation data from a motion capturesystem may be used as a boundary or limit when calculating theorientation of a body part using epidermal electronics device 100 (e.g.,if a motion capture system determines that an arm has been rotated 30degrees, a corresponding calculation made by the epidermal electronicsdevice 100 may be limited to 30 degrees). In further embodiments,interaction device 780 includes a physiological sensor. Thephysiological sensor can be a wearable sensor. The physiological sensorcan provide information about a user through contact with the skin ofthe user or proximity to the skin of the user. For example, thephysiological sensor can include a heart rate sensor, a respiratorysensor, a thermal sensor, a blood pressure sensor, a hydration sensor,an oximetry sensor, an electrocardiograph, an electroencephalograph,and/or an electromyograph.

Multiple interaction devices 780 may be included in a single electronicslayer 107 of epidermal electronics device 100. It is also possible formultiple interaction devices 780 to be located on more than oneepidermal electronics device 100. Multiple epidermal electronics devices100 and corresponding multiple interaction devices 780 may becoordinated and controlled using communication device 750 on eachepidermal electronics device 100 as well as control circuit 760 on eachepidermal electronics device 100.

Communications device 750 may be included in electronics assembly 113.Communications device 750 provides data transfer to and from theepidermal electronics device 100 through communications connection 753.Communications connection 753 may be a wire or wireless connectionbetween communication device 750 and another source or receiver of data.For example, communications connection 753 may be a connection over awireless network (e.g., WiFi, Zigbee, Bluetooth, etc.), a wiredinterface (e.g., Ethernet, USB, Firewire, etc.), or other communicationsconnection (e.g., infrared, optical, ultrasound, etc.). In someembodiments, communications device 750 is a wireless networking deviceor wired networking device which establishes communication connection753 and transmits and/or receives data/signals through communicationsconnection 753.

Power connection 741 transfers power from power source 740 to othercomponents in electronics layer 107. Power connection 741 provides powerfrom power source 740 to communication device 750, control circuit 760,cells 120, and the components within cells 120 such as interactiondevices 780 and sensors 770. Power connection 741 may be a wired orwireless connection. Power connection 741 may be a conductive wire(e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.). Power connection 741 may be asemiconductor. Where power connection 741 is a wired connection, powerconnection 741 is configured to maintain mechanical integrity whencomponents of electronics layer 107 move relative to one another. Forexample, power connection 741 may be a length of wire long enough toallow movement of the components without causing deformation of powerconnection 741 sufficient to break the connection. Power connection 741may also be a wireless connection for delivering power (e.g., directinduction, resonant magnetic induction, etc.).

Power source 740 provides electrical power to components withinelectronics layer 107. In one embodiment, power source 740 is a battery.For example, power source 740 may be a disposable battery, rechargeablebattery, and/or removable battery. In some embodiments, power source 740is configured to allow recharging of power source 740 without removingpower source 740 from the electronics layer 107. For example, powersource 740 may be a rechargeable battery configured to be rechargedthrough wireless changing (e.g., inductive charging). In otherembodiments, power source 740 is configured to receive direct currentfrom a source outside the electronics layer 107. In further embodiments,power source 740 is configured to receive alternating current from asource outside the electronics layer 107. Power source 740 may include atransformer. In some embodiments, power source 740 is configured toreceive power from a wireless source (e.g., such that power source 740is a coil configured to receive power through induction). According tovarious alternative embodiments, power source 740 can be a capacitorwhich may be configured to be charged by a wired or wireless source, oneor more solar cells, or a metamaterial configured to provide power viamicrowaves.

With continued reference to FIG. 3B, input/output connection 751 may bea wire connection between cell 120 and control circuit 760. Input/outputconnection 751 may be configured to allow the connection to flex anddeform without suffering mechanical failure. In such a case,input/output connection 751 is configured to maintain the connectionbetween cell 120 and control circuit 760 during deformation of theepidermal electronics device 100 due to movement of the attachmentsurface 103. In some embodiments, input/output connection 751 allows fordeformation while maintaining mechanical integrity by including anadditional length of wire which allows for connection points to separatefrom one another. For example, input/output connection 751 may be a wirewith slack to allow two or more components to move relative to oneanother and not cause mechanical degradation of the input/outputconnection. In some embodiments, input/output connection 751 is aconductive wire (e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.). Input/output connection751 may be a semiconductor. In some embodiments, input/output connection751 is a wireless connection.

Input/output connection 751 allows the components within cell 120 tocommunicate data to control circuit 760. The component within cell 120may output data to the control circuit through input/output connection751. For example, sensor 770 located in cell 120 may output measurementdata, in the form of a voltage, across input/output connection 751 tocontrol circuit 760. Input/output connection 751 also allows for thecontrol circuit to communicate with the component within cell 120.Control circuit 760 may send an input to a component within cell 120through input/output connection 751. For example, control circuit 760may send an input signal to interaction device 780 which causesinteraction device 780 to deliver a drug or chemical to attachmentsurface 103. Cell 120 may also facilitate communication. Control circuit760 may also send a calibration signal to sensor 770 or interactiondevice 780 using input/output connection 751. In some embodiments, powerconnection 741 and input/output connection 751 are integrated into asingle connection. For example, an integrated connection may providepower and input/output through a modulated or otherwise alterablesignal.

In some embodiments, electronics assembly 113 includes control circuit760. Control circuit 760 may further include multiplexer 765, processor763, and memory 761. Processor 763 may be implemented as ageneral-purpose processor, an application specific integrated circuit(ASIC), one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), adigital-signal-processor (DSP), a group of processing components, orother suitable electronic processing components. Memory 761 is one ormore devices (e.g., RAM, ROM, Flash Memory, hard disk storage, etc.) forstoring data and/or computer code for facilitating the various processesdescribed herein. Memory 761 may be or include non-transient volatilememory or non-volatile memory. Memory 761 may include databasecomponents, object code components, script components, or any other typeof information structure for supporting the various activities andinformation structures described herein. Memory 761 may be communicablyconnected to processor 763 and provide computer code or instructions toprocessor 763 for executing the processes described herein. Multiplexer765 may be configured to allow multiple sensors 770 and/or interactiondevices 780 to share an input/output connection 751. In someembodiments, cells 120 also facilitate multiplexing of signals frommultiple components.

In some embodiments, control circuit 760 is configured to receive datafrom sensors 770. For example, control circuit 760 may receiveacceleration data in the form of a measured voltage from an accelerationsensor. This data may be received by control circuit 760 throughmultiplexer 765. Control circuit 760 may store sensor data in memory761. Control circuit 760 may output sensor data to communications device750. In some embodiments, control circuit 760 is also configured to sendcontrol signals to sensors 770. For example, control circuit 760 maycalibrate a sensor 770 by sending a control signal to the sensor.Control circuit 760 may also turn sensor 770 off or on. For example,control circuit 760 may send a control signal which causes cell 120 todisconnect sensor 770 from power connection 741. Control circuit 760 mayalso select which sensors to receive data from using processor 763 andmemory 761. Control circuit 760 may receive control signals fromcommunication device 750. In some embodiments, control circuit 760 alsogenerates control signals with processor 763 and memory 761. Forexample, control circuit 760 may send a control signal to turn off asensor 770 in response to abnormal data received from the sensor.Control circuit 760 may also send a control signal to turn off a sensor770 in response to data from other sensors 770. For example, somesensors 770 may be turned off in order to conserve power source 740 ifminimal acceleration is detected. When using multiple sensors, onesensor 770 may be maintained in the on position. When increasedacceleration activity is detected, control circuit 760 may reactivate,or turn on, the remaining sensors 770.

In some embodiments, control circuit 760 is also configured to receivedata from interaction devices 780. For example, control circuit 760 mayreceive drug delivery data from a drug delivery device. This data may bereceived by control circuit 760 through multiplexer 765. Control circuit760 may store this data in memory 761. Control circuit 760 may outputinteraction device data to communications device 750. In someembodiments, Control circuit 760 is also configured to send controlsignals to interaction devices 780. For example, control circuit 760 maysend a control signal to a drug delivery device causing the device toadminister a drug to attachment surface 103. Control circuit 760 mayalso turn off and on interaction devices 780.

Control circuit 760 may receive signals from other components inelectronics layer 107. For example, control circuit 760 may receivesignals from communications device 750. Control circuit 760 may alsoreceive signals from power source 740. For example, control circuit 760may receive a signal from power source 740 indicating how much power isavailable. Control circuit 760 may use this to take further action. Forexample, control circuit 760 may communicate this or other informationto another device using communications device 750. Control circuit 760may also take action by controlling components of the electronics layer107 including cells 120, interaction devices 780, and/or sensors 770. Insome embodiments, the functions of control circuit 760 are carried outby the circuitry of cells 120. For example, cells 120 may includetransistors and/or additional components which allow cell 120 or anetwork of cells 120 to perform the above described functions of controlcircuit 760. In other embodiments, control circuit 760 is located in anarea not within electronics layer 107. In one embodiment, communicationsdevice 750 may send and receive control signals and data. For example,an external control circuit may perform the above described functionswith communications device 750 relaying data between the components ofthe electronics layer 107 (e.g., sensors 770 and interaction devices780) and the external control circuit.

Sensors 770 in electronics assembly 113 may include sensors configuredto measure orientation data. Orientation data may include data regardingacceleration, orientation, movement, angular motion, and/or rotation ofattachment surface 103. For example, sensors 770 may include one or moreof single-axis accelerometers, multi-axis accelerometers, single-axisgyroscopes, multi-axis gyroscopes, single-axis inclinometers, ormulti-axis inclinometers. In some embodiments, combinations of thesesensors are used to measure acceleration, orientation, movement, angularmotion, and/or rotation. In some embodiments, sensors 770 includesensors to measure characteristics of attachment surface 103. Forexample, sensors 770 may be moisture sensors, electrodes, temperaturesensors (e.g., thermistors, thermocouples, etc.), light sensors,hydration sensors, etc. Interaction devices 780 may include devicesconfigured to alter attachment surface 103 or provide data to controlcircuit 760. For example, interaction devices 780 may include drugdelivery devices, chemical delivery devices, electrodes, motion capturesensors, LEDs, etc.

FIG. 4A illustrates an embodiment of another epidermal electronicsdevice shown as epidermal electronics device 101. In some embodiments,epidermal electronics device 101 houses large components in a separatehousing from sensors and/or interaction devices in electronics assembly113. These large components may be located outside of the flexible patchwhich includes electronics layer 107 and barrier layer 109. This isunlike epidermal electronics device 100 which includes the majority ofcomponents within electronics layer 107 (e.g., the majority ofcomponents are within the flexible patch). Epidermal electronics device101 is shown with electronics module 610. Electronics module 610 mayhold any or all of power source 740, communications device 750 and/orcontrol circuit 760. In one embodiment, electronics module 610 isseparate from electronics layer 107 shown with view 110 (e.g.,electronics module 610 may house components outside of electronicsassembly 113 and may provide for connection to electronics assembly113). Electronics module 610 may be a housing containing the abovementioned components. For example, electronics module 610 may be aplastic or polymer housing with access to the components housed within.Electronics module 610 may also be a film or other protectiveencasement.

In some embodiments, electronics module 610 allows for power source 740,communications device 750 and/or control circuit 760 to be on a largerscale than if they were within electronics layer 107. For example, powersource 740 may be a larger battery. Processing circuit 760 may be anintegrated circuit or SOC. In some embodiments, electronics module 610is connected to electronics layer 107 by power connection 741.Electronics module 610 may provide power from power source 740 tocomponents of the electronics layer 107 (e.g., sensors, interactiondevices, etc.) through power connection 741. In further embodiments,electronics module 610 is also connected to the electronics layer 107 byinput/output connection 751. Electronics module 610 may be connected toelectronics layer 107 and/or electronics assembly 113 by one or moreinput/output connections 751. This may facilitate the use of additionalcomponents (e.g., sensors, interactions devices, etc.). The use ofmultiple input/output connections 751 may reduce the need, partially orcompletely, for multiplexing.

With reference to FIGS. 4A-4B, epidermal electronics devices 100 and/or101 may measure the orientation, acceleration, movement, angular motion,rotation, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and/or position (e.g.,orientation data) at one point of the attachment surface using acombination of a multi-axis accelerometer 710, multi-axis gyroscope 715,and multi-axis inclinometer 713. Using a combination of these sensors,the orientation, acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation,angular velocity, angular acceleration, and/or position of theattachment surface may be determined with six degrees of freedom.Multiple combinations of sensors may be used to achieve measurement ofsix degrees of freedom.

In some embodiments, one type of sensor is used as a constraint on themeasurements of another sensor. For example, the data gathered from themulti-axis inclinometer 713 may be used as a constraint on the datagathered by the multi-axis accelerometer 710 or multi-axis gyroscope715. The angle-relative to gravity measurements of the multi-axisinclinometer may be used as a constraint on accelerometer or gyroscopedata integration. In some embodiments, the sensors are integratingaccelerometers. In some embodiments, measurements from inclinometers maybe used directly (e.g., for angle relative to gravity). Inclinometermeasurements may also be used as a check on orientation derived from theintegration of data from multi-axis accelerometers 710 or from theintegration of data from multi-axis gyroscopes 715. This may be used tolimit error propagation. This may also include using inclinometermeasurement data to verify data from other sensors and/or verify theorientation of the epidermal electronics device as determined usingother data.

Epidermal electronics devices 100 and/or 101 may measure theorientation, acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angularvelocity, angular acceleration, and/or position at additional points ofthe attachment surface using additional sets of sensors. Epidermalelectronics devices 100 and/or 101 may use these additional sensors(e.g., multi-axis accelerometer, multi-axis gyroscope 715, and/ormulti-axis inclinometer 713) to measure orientation, acceleration,movement, angular motion, rotation, angular velocity, angularacceleration, and/or position at multiple points of the attachmentsurface 103 with one epidermal electronics device 100.

In some embodiments, orientation, acceleration, movement, angularmotion, rotation, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and/orposition are measured at multiple points using multiple epidermalelectronics devices 100. Measurements from multiple epidermalelectronics devices 100 and/or 101 (inter epidermal electronics devicemeasurements) may be used as a constraint on other sensor measurementsand integration. Constraints may be applied by the processing circuit513. In some embodiments, constraints are applied by control circuit760.

In some embodiments, multiple electronics layers 107, each with its ownseparate barrier layer 109 and substrate layer 105 (e.g., multipleepidermal electronics patches), connect to the same electronics module610. This may allow for measurement and interaction at multiple pointson attachment surface 103 with a single supporting power source 740,communications device 750, and control circuit 610.

With continued reference to FIG. 4B, electronics module 610 may beconnected to data acquisition and processing device 510 viacommunications connection 753. Data acquisition and processing device510 includes communications device 750. Communications device 750 allowsdata acquisition and processing device 510 to receive and send dataand/or control signals to communications device 750 in electronicsmodule 610. In some embodiments, communication device 750 in dataacquisition and processing device 510 may receive and send data and/orcontrol signals to communications device 750 in electronics layer 107 ofan epidermal electronics devices 100 and/or 101.

In some embodiments, data acquisition and processing device 510 alsoincludes processing circuit 513. Processing circuit 513 receives datafrom epidermal electronics devices 100 and/or 101. Processing circuit513 analyzes the data. For example, processing circuit 513 may usealgorithms to calculate or estimate the orientation, acceleration,movement, rotation, angular velocity, and/or position of the epidermalelectronics devices 100 and/or 101. These algorithms may include aKalman filter, dynamic filter, a customized algorithm, etc. Processingcircuit 513 may calculate or estimate the orientation, acceleration,movement, angular motion, angular acceleration, rotation, angularvelocity, and/or position of one or more locations on an epidermalelectronics device 100 and/or 101 or multiple epidermal electronicdevices 100 and/or 101. In some embodiments, processing circuit 513 alsosends control signals to epidermal electronics device 100. For example,processing circuit 513 of data acquisition and processing device 510 maysend a control signal to epidermal electronics device 100, usingcommunication devices 750, to calibrate sensor 770. To facilitate theabove functions, processing circuit 513 and/or data acquisition andprocessing device 510 may include one or more of processors and memory.

Data acquisition and processing device 510 may output data, controlsignals, and/or estimations or calculations regarding orientation,acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angular velocity,angular acceleration, and/or position to additional computing devices.Data acquisition and processing device 510 may also output to one ormore epidermal electronics devices 100 and/or 101. This may includeoutputting data gathered by one epidermal electronics device 100 or 101to a second epidermal electronics device 100 or 101. In someembodiments, data acquisition and processing device 510 includes a userinterface. In other embodiments, data acquisition and processing device510 is controlled with an additional computer. In some embodiments, dataacquisition and processing device 510 may also output data to anothercomputer. In some embodiments, an epidermal electronics device 100 withpower source 740, communications device 750, and control circuit 760integrated in electronics layer 107 is connected to data acquisition andprocessing device 510.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of epidermal electronics devices 100and 101 in communication with one another. Two or more epidermalelectronics devices 100 or 101 may communicate with one another throughcommunications connection 753 and communication devices 750.Communications connection 753 may be a wireless connection or a wiredone. Multiple epidermal electronics devices 100 may also communicatewith data acquisition and processing device 510. Using two or moreepidermal electronics devices 100 or 101 allows for multiple points tobe measured simultaneously. For example, the orientation, acceleration,movement, rotation, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and/orposition of one point may be measured relative to that of anotherthrough the use of two or more epidermal electronics devices 100.

FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of multiple epidermal electronicsdevices 100 used with user 680. In one embodiment, multiple epidermalelectronics devices 100 are attached to user 680. Epidermal electronicsdevices 100 may communicate using wireless communications connection753. Data may be communicated to data acquisition and processing device510 which may include processing circuit 513. External sensing devices550 may also be used to gather information about user 680 and/orepidermal electronics devices 100. External sensing devices 550 may alsocommunicate data with wireless communication connection 753.

In one embodiment, epidermal electronics devices 100 are placed onvarious body parts of user 680. For example, epidermal electronicsdevices may be placed on fingers, hands, forearms, upper arms, feet,legs, the head, etc. In some embodiments, the attachment surface 103 ofuser 680 is his or her skin. Each epidermal electronics device maymeasure orientation with one of or a combination of single or multi-axisaccelerometers, single or multi-axis inclinometers, or single ormulti-axis gyroscopes. Epidermal electronics devices 100 may communicatewith one another and/or with data acquisition and processing device 510using communications connection 753 and communications devices 750. Inthis embodiment, communications connection 753 is illustrated as awireless connection. In some embodiments, epidermal electronics devices100 may form a network (e.g., ad hoc network). The network of epidermalelectronics devices 100 may communicate data and control signals toother networks of epidermal electronics devices 100. Multiple networksof epidermal electronics devices 100 may share information. This mayallow data to be collected from multiple networks (e.g., one network peruser, with multiple users) by a single data acquisition and processingdevice 510.

FIG. 6 further illustrates that two or more epidermal electronicsdevices 100 may be used to measure attachment surface parameters (e.g.,orientation, acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angularvelocity, angular acceleration, and/or position) relative to oneanother. As is illustrated, the attachment surface parameters of aforearm may be measured relative to the attachment surface parameters ofan upper arm. This allows epidermal electronics devices 100 and dataacquisition and processing device 510 to determine the orientation ormovement of the forearm relative to the upper arm. The relativeorientation, acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angularvelocity, angular acceleration, and/or position of one body part toanother may be measured in this way. For further example, theorientation of a finger may be determined relative to a hand. Epidermalelectronics devices 100 may also be used to measure a change inattachment surface parameters. Such changes may be used to determinemotion of a user, such as gait, gestures, athletic motions (e.g., golfswings, pitching motions, etc.), or the like. This measurement may bemade absolutely by a single epidermal electronics device 100 or relativeto an additional one or more epidermal electronics device 100. Forexample, as a user's leg moves, the change in orientation and angularvelocity may be measured. This measurement may be made absolutely byepidermal electronics device 100. The measurement may also be maderelative to the moving torso of user 680. In that case, measurements arecollected by epidermal electronics device 100 on the torso and epidermalelectronics device 100 on the leg. The relative orientation and angularvelocity may be calculated by data acquisition and processing device510. In some embodiments, a single epidermal electronics device 100 maybe used to measure attachment surface parameters at multiple locations.This may include multiple locations across multiple body parts. Forexample, a single epidermal electronics device 100 may measure theorientation of the torso and a leg of user 680.

Data acquisition and processing device 510 may use a variety oftechniques to determine or estimate the orientation, acceleration,movement, angular motion, rotation, angular velocity, angularacceleration, and/or position of user 680. Data acquisition andprocessing device 510 may also use the same or other techniques todetermine the posture and/or gestures of user 680. These techniques mayinclude applying algorithms, Kalman filters, and/or other dynamicfilters to measurements and/or applying constraints provided by one ormore epidermal electronics devices 100. For example, a Kalman filter maybe used to estimate the orientation of epidermal electronics device 100attached to a body part of a user. The orientation can be described byvarious types of state vectors, such as Euler angles, quaternions, etc.Because some of the sensors used by epidermal electronics device 100measure angular motion (e.g., angular velocity via gyroscopes, angularacceleration via accelerometers) rather than directly measuringorientation (e.g., via inclinometers, field sensors, etc.) physics-baseddynamic filters (e.g., Kalman filters) can be used to estimate theorientation. Such filters may incorporate additional state variables(such as angular velocity and/or angular acceleration), which are linkedvia a state propagation model (e.g., continuous propagation viadifferential equations, discrete propagation via state transitionmatrices). The dynamic filter incorporates measurements related to thestate variables (e.g., opposed accelerometer measurements for angularacceleration, gyroscope measurements for angular velocity, inclinometeror field measurements for angular orientation, etc.) each of which maydepend on a single state variable or multiple ones (e.g., angular motionmeasurements often also depend on the direction of the sensor, and henceon the orientation). The dynamic filter can include estimates of thenoise in such measurements, and hence in the uncertainty in its estimateof each state variable; these uncertainty estimates can be trackedthroughout time by the filter. Dynamic filters can readily be formulatedto handle different state vector representations (e.g., angles vsquaternions), different measurement types (combinations of directangular measurements and/or angular velocity and/or angularacceleration), and different sensors (e.g., magnetometers vsinclinometers, rotational vs ring-laser vs vibratory gyroscopes). Acomparison of various dynamic filters for use in body sensor networks ispresented in “Analysis of Filtering Methods for 3D Acceleration Signalsin Body Sensor Network”, Wei-zhong Wang, Bang-yu Huang, Lei Wang,Bulletin of Advanced Technology Sensors, Vol 5, No 7, 2011.Presentations of Kalman filters used for 3D orientation estimationinclude: “Design, Implementation, and Experimental Results of aQuaternion-Based Kalman Filter for Human Body Motion Tracking”, XiaopingYun, Eric Bachmann, IEEE Transactions on Robotics, Vol 22, No 6, 2006;“Kalman-Filter-Based Orientation Determination Using Inertial/MagneticSensors: Observability Analysis and Performance Evaluation”, AngeloSabatini, Sensors, Sep. 27, 2011; “Using an Extended Kalman Filter forRigid Body Pose Estimation”, Kjartan Halvorsen, et al, Journal ofBiomechanical Engineering, Vol 127, p 475 (2005); and “An ExtendedKalman Filter for Quaternion-Based Orientation Estimation Using MARGSensors”, Joao Marins, et al, 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference onIntelligent Robots and Systems, Maui Oct. 29-Nov. 3, 2001. In someembodiments, constraints are supplied by other sources such as models ofhuman movement, external sensing devices, etc. In some embodiments,constraints may define ranges in which the measurements of epidermalelectronics device 100 may be considered valid. Data acquisition andprocessing device 510 may combine various measurements and/orconstraints using a Kalman or other dynamic filter. This may result in abetter estimate of unknown variables than one based on one measurementor data point. Additionally, signal noise and inaccuracies may bereduced.

Multiple epidermal electronics devices 100 may also be used to measurethe state of user 680. Epidermal electronics devices may be used tomeasure the posture of user 680. By measuring orientation, acceleration,movement, angular motion, rotation, angular velocity, angularacceleration, and/or position at one or more locations, the user'sposture may be determined. For example, it can be determined whether auser 680 is sitting, standing, or lying down using inclinometers andaccelerometers measuring various body parts. If a person is sitting,inclinometers on the torso and on a leg will give different readings ofthe angle relative to gravity. Corresponding accelerometer or gyroscopereadings indicating little or no acceleration could indicate that a user680 is sitting. Alternative configurations and sensors may be used todetect a variety of postures. In some embodiments, the posture measuredincludes the positioning of one or more body parts during movement or aparticular type of movement. For example, epidermal electronics devices100 may measure the posture of a user 680 while running to ensure properform or to be used to improve form. For example, epidermal electronicsdevices 100 may measure the posture of a user 680 while swinging a golfclub to ensure proper form or to be used to improve form. In someembodiments, a single epidermal electronics device 100 may be used tomeasure attachment surface parameters at multiple locations.

Multiple epidermal electronics devices 100 may be used to measuregestures made by user 680. The orientation, acceleration, movement,angular motion, rotation, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and/orposition of specific body parts along with the change in the sameparameters may be measured. For example, epidermal electronics devices100 placed on the fingers, hands, and arms may be used to detectgestures made using those body parts. For example, measuring theorientation, acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angularvelocity, angular acceleration, and/or position of those body partsalong with the change in the same parameters may allow for sign languageto be interpreted. In some embodiments, gestures are defined as anyparticular movement or movements of one or more body parts. Epidermalelectronics device 100 may measure movements, and data acquisition andprocessing device 510 may compare the movements to a library ofgestures. The library of gestures may contain the movements comprisinggestures. Using the comparison, data acquisition and processing device510 may estimate or determine if a gesture has been made.

In determining the posture and/or gestures of user 680, a human modelmay be used in conjunction with one or more epidermal electronicsdevices 100 and data acquisition and processing device 510. A humanmodel may be a computer model of human movement and provide a way ofchecking measured movements against a model of all possible movements. Ahuman model may include a human connectivity model, a musculoskeletalmodel, or other model of movement. The human connectivity model maymodel a human as an interconnected set of rigid bodies with definedshapes, connected via joints with defined angular constraints.Presentations of such models include: “Motion Models for PeopleTracking”, David Fleet, Visual Analysis of Humans, Chapter 10,Springer-Verlag (2011); and “A 3-D Biomechanical Skeleton Model forPosture and Movement Analysis”, Moreno D'Amico, et al, Research intoSpinal Deformities 5, IOS Press (2006). This system of defined rigidbodies, interconnectivities, and joints can be used to model posturesand postural motions based upon orientation sensing epidermalelectronics devices on one or more body parts. The model may be genericor may be personalized for an individual user. In some embodiments, ageneric or personalized model is adjusted using measurements provided byepidermal electronics device 100. The human model may be used by thedata acquisition and processing device to assist in determining orestimating the posture and/or gestures of user 680. For example, a humanconnectivity model may be used as a constraint on sensor measurementsand integration when determining or estimating the orientation,acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angular velocity,angular acceleration, and/or position of a point measured by epidermalelectronics device 100. In some embodiments, further constraints includemeasurements from additional sensors such as inclinometers. Themeasurements from one or more inclinometers or magnetometers may be usedas a check on orientation estimated from an accelerometer. Thistechnique may be used to limit error propagation. In some embodiments,further constraints may also include inter epidermal electronics devicemeasurements.

With continued reference to FIG. 6, one or more external sensing devices550 may be used in conjunction with epidermal electronics device 100. Insome embodiments, external sensing device 550 is a device external toepidermal electronics device 100 used to measure orientation,acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angular velocity,angular acceleration, and/or position. External sensing device 550 maybe a camera or motion capture image sensor. External sensing devices 550may be used to intermittently make measurements to determine posture.For example, images from external cameras may be used to measure theorientation, acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angularvelocity, angular acceleration, and/or position of a user 680. In someembodiments, measurements from motion capture image sensors of active orpassive interaction devices 780 are used to determine the orientation,acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angular velocity,angular acceleration, and/or position of a user 680. Measurements fromone or more external sensing devices 550 may be used to reset epidermalelectronics device 100 based determinations. For example, measurementstaken from an external sensing device 550 may be used to calibrate thesensors of one or more epidermal electronic devices 100. In someembodiments, the measurements from external sensing devices 550 may beused to update or individualize a human model for a user 680. The humanmodel may also serve as a calibration point for the sensors of one ormore epidermal electronics devices 100. Interaction devices 780 may alsobe calibrated in the same fashion. In some embodiments, external sensingdevice 550 is connected to data acquisition and processing device 510via communication connection 753. External sensing device 550 mayinclude communications device 750 to facilitate communication viacommunication connection 753. In some embodiments, external sensingdevice 550 may be connected to control circuit 760 via communicationsconnection 753 and communications device 750.

In one embodiment, an epidermal electronics device 100 determines itsposition and/or movement relative to another location using an antennaand a field source at the other location. Sensors 770 may be or includeone or more antennas. For example, the antenna or antennas may be one ormore of a dipole antenna, loop antenna, plate antenna, magnetometer,vector magnetometer, and/or other types of antennas. Epidermalelectronics device 100 may use one or more antennas to measure a fieldsource. Based on the measurement of one or more field source, epidermalelectronics device 100 may estimate the location, orientation, angularmotion, rotation, and/or other movement of epidermal electronics device100 relative to the field source.

The field source may be a source of any measureable field. For example,the field source may be a source of a magnetic field, electromagneticradiation (e.g., microwaves, radio waves, etc.), and/or other source ofa measureable field. The field source may be a microwave generatorand/or antenna, radio transmitter and/or antenna, or other combinationof hardware configured to generate a measureable field. In someembodiments, a natural field source can be used, for instance epidermalelectronics device may use a magnetometer to measure the Earth'smagnetic field, and hence determine one or more angular components ofits orientation. Epidermal electronics device 100 may include one ormore antennas for measuring the type of field generating by the fieldsource. Epidermal electronics device 100 may include additional hardwarefor the reception and/or measurement of one or more field sources. Forexample, epidermal electronics device 100 may include a receiver, signalprocessing hardware, and/or other hardware.

In one embodiment, the field source is emitted by a second epidermalelectronics device 100. This may allow the first epidermal electronicsdevice 100 to determine its location, orientation, angular motion,rotation, and/or other movement relative to the second epidermalelectronics device 100 which emits the field source. Orientationinformation may be sent from the other location to epidermal electronicsdevice 100 containing information about the field source, e.g., type,spatial field pattern, frequency, orientation of the source, etc. Thefield source may be or be included in interaction device 780. In otherembodiments, the field source may be fixed. For example, the fieldsource may be a fixed emitter which generates a field encompassing oneor more separate epidermal electronics devices 100. As the field sourceis fixed, one or more epidermal electronics devices 100 may measureindividual absolute location, orientation, angular motion, rotation,and/or other movement relative to the fixed field source. The fixedfield source may be included in data acquisition and processing device510 or another fixed device. In some embodiments, one or more epidermalelectronics devices 100 may determine their location, orientation,rotation, angular motion, and/or other movement relative to otherepidermal electronics devices 100. In some embodiments, the epidermalelectronics device may estimate its absolute location, orientation,rotation, angular motion, and/or other movement by combining therelative information with corresponding absolute information for theother epidermal electronics devices.

In one embodiment, an epidermal electronics device 100 determines itsposition and/or orientation relative to another location (e.g., a secondepidermal electronics device) using a range sensor and arange-determination source at the other location. Range sensors mayinclude one or more receivers for detecting a range signal generated bythe range-determination source. For example, the range-determinationsource may generate range signals comprising pulsed ultrasound waves orpulsed electromagnetic waves. The range sensor (an ultrasound or anelectromagnetic detector respectively) can detect the incident wavesand, based on time-of-arrival, determine the range between therange-determination source and the range sensor. A single range sensorcan be used to detect the range itself. However, in some embodiments,epidermal electronics device 100 comprises multiple range sensors, anduses the differential ranges of each from the range-determinationsource, to determine the orientation of epidermal electronics devicerelative to the range determination source. Orientation information maybe sent from the other location to epidermal electronics device 100containing information about the range-determination source, e.g., pulsetiming, wave frequency, emission pattern, orientation of the source,etc. For example, two range sensors can be used to determine one angularcomponent of the orientation, while three range sensors can be used todetermine two angular components of the orientation. In one embodiment,the roles of the range sensor and the range-determination sources can bereversed; here epidermal electronics device 100 can comprise multiple(e.g., 2 or 3) range-determination sources, and another location (e.g.,a second epidermal electronics device) can comprise a range sensor.Differential range measurements by the range sensor can be used todetermine the orientation of epidermal electronics device 100. In someembodiments, epidermal electronics device 100 comprises both one or morerange-determination sources and one or more range sensors, usingreflectors (e.g., diffuse, specular, or retro) at another location toreturn range signals from the range-determination source to the rangesensors, allowing determination of the range and/or orientation betweenepidermal electronics device 100 and the other location.

In further embodiments, a plurality of fields may be used to measurelocation, orientation, rotation, angular motion, and/or other movementrelative to multiple field sources (fixed and/or moving). For example,field sources may have different timings or frequencies in order toallow epidermal electronics devices 100 to distinguish between aplurality of field sources. This may allow for additional techniques forestimating the location, rotation, and/or other movement of one or moreepidermal electronics devices. For example, epidermal electronics device100 may triangulate its location using a plurality of field sources.

In other above described embodiments, the estimation of absolute and/orrelative position, orientation, rotation, angular motion, and/or othermovement may be calculated by one or more epidermal electronics device100. For example, calculations may be performed using one or morecontrol circuits on one or more epidermal electronics devices 100.Epidermal electronics devices 100 may communicate information for use inthese calculations using one or more of the techniques described herein.In other embodiments, calculations are performed remote from theepidermal electronics devices 100. For example, one or more epidermalelectronics devices 100 may communicate information (e.g., fieldmeasurements) to data acquisition and processing device 510 which mayperform the calculations described herein.

Still referring to FIG. 6, measurements and/or estimates of location,position, orientation, rotation, and/or other movement may be used inperforming a variety of actions and/or further calculations.Orientation, motion, and/or location may be used as a parameter tocontrol one or more interaction devices 780. For example, orientation,motion, or location may be used to control a drug delivery system. Ifuser 680 is lying down (e.g., as determined by epidermal electronicsdevice 100 and/or data acquisition and processing device 510), a drugdelivery system may be instructed not to deliver pain medication.Conversely, if a user 680 is moving, the drug delivery system may beinstructed by data acquisition and processing device 510 and/or controlcircuit 760 to administer pain medication.

By measuring the orientation, acceleration, movement, angular motion,rotation, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and/or position and/orthe change in the foregoing after an interaction device has beentriggered, the effect of the interaction may be measured. This may alsoallow the interaction device 780 to be calibrated. For example, if ameasured parameter (e.g., posture of user 680 during movement) does notshow improvement, a larger dose of a drug may be used next time theinteraction device 780 is activated.

Additionally, orientation, motion, and/or location may be used tocontrol sensors 770. For example, if a user is in a lying down position,sensors 770 and/or interaction devices 780 may be turned off to conservepower. In some embodiments, any of the parameters described herein(e.g., orientation, posture, acceleration, etc.) may be used as thebasis of an alert. Epidermal electronics device 100 may provide an alertwhen a certain parameter or parameters exceeds a threshold. For example,if rapid acceleration in an event such as a car crash is detected, LEDson the epidermal electronics device may be illuminated, or illuminatedin a particular color corresponding to severity, to alert a viewer as topossible injury. This type of configuration may be used in othersettings as well (e.g., physical therapy). In some embodiments, thealert is provided by data acquisition and processing device 510. Dataacquisition and processing device 510 may provide the alert using adisplay. Data acquisition and processing device 510 may provide thealert to another device or computer (e.g., provide an alert to a mobilecomputing device or phone).

Referring now to FIG. 7, method 810 of using one or more epidermalelectronics devices to measure orientation is shown according to oneembodiment. Data regarding the orientation and/or angular motion of thesurface to which the epidermal electronics device is attached isprovided (812). This may be accomplished with any combination of sensorspreviously described. The sensor data is then collected (814). Forexample, a control circuit may collect/acquire the data. The controlcircuit may collect/acquire the data using, in part, a multiplexer. Insome embodiments, cells assist in multiplexing. In some embodiments, thesensor data is then communicated to a data acquisition and processingdevice. This may be done using a combination of the control circuit andthe communications device. An algorithm is applied to the sensor data(816). In some embodiments, the data acquisition and processing deviceapplies the algorithm. In other embodiments, the control circuit appliesthe algorithm. One or more algorithms may be used, and the algorithmsmay perform a variety of functions. For example, algorithms may be usedto reduce signal noise, eliminate extraneous data points, generateconstraints for calculating the orientation and/or position of theattachment surface, etc. The algorithms used may include a Kalmanfilter, dynamic filter, or other custom filter. The orientation, motion,rotation, and/or position of the attachment surface and/or epidermalelectronics device is estimated or calculated (818). In someembodiments, the data acquisition and processing device uses the sensordata and/or constraints to estimate or calculate orientation, motion,rotation, and/or position of the attachment surface and/or epidermalelectronics device. In other embodiments the control circuit uses thesensor data and/or constraints to estimate or calculate orientation,motion, rotation, and/or position of the attachment surface and/orepidermal electronics device. In further embodiments, one or morealgorithms are also used to perform calculations. Posture may beestimated in addition to or instead of orientation, rotation, and/orposition of the attachment surface and/or epidermal electronics device.In some embodiments, the location, orientation, motion, and/or rotationof a body part may be referenced to a position in/on the body part whichdiffers from that of the attachment surface and hence epidermalelectronics device 100 (for instance, the reference site of a forearmmay be at the midpoint of the radius bone while the attachment surfaceis located on the outer skin surface near the wrist; in such cases, thelocations, orientations, motions, and rotations at the two locations maydiffer by straightforwardly applied offsets. In performing thesecalculations (e.g., to determine orientation or posture), the dataacquisition and processing device may use constraints or checksgenerated from other sources. For example, constraints may be suppliedby the algorithms, additional sensors such as inclinometers, and/orexternal sensing devices such as motion capture image sensors. Followingthe estimation or calculation of the orientation, rotation, motion,and/or position of the attachments surface, the epidermal electronicsdevice may begin the cycle again by using sensors to produce dataregarding the orientation and/or rotation of the surface to which theepidermal electronics device is attached. In some embodiments, steps(812)-(818) are performed simultaneously as in data pipelining. Forexample, as a first set of data is being used to calculate orientation,a second set may be filtered using an algorithm, a third set may becollected by the control circuit, and a fourth set may be generated bythe sensors.

Simultaneously with the next cycle of steps, additional actions may betaken. In some embodiments the additional actions are taken before thenext cycle of steps begins. After the estimation or calculation of theorientation, rotation, and/or position of the attachments surface, thesensors and/or interaction devices may be calibrated (820). The dataacquisition and processing device may determine that a sensor and/orinteraction device needs to be calibrated. Using data from other sensorsonboard the epidermal electronics device, data from external sensingdevices, models, and/or calculated constraints, the data acquisition andprocessing device, in conjunction with the control circuit, maycalibrate a sensor or interaction device. In some embodiments, thecalibration is done solely by the control circuit. The data acquisitionand processing device may be able to override a predeterminedcalibration algorithm run by the processing circuit. In addition tocalibrating sensors and/or interaction devices and/or controlling aninteraction device, or in isolation, various types of data may be stored(822). In some embodiments, data is stored by the data acquisition andprocessing device. In other embodiments, data is stored by the controlcircuit. The data may be stored locally within the data acquisition andprocessing device or may be transferred to an additional computer,display device, mobile device, etc. In some embodiments, the resultsand/or only a portion of the data is stored. In some embodiments, thedata is temporarily stored such that a device may display the dataand/or a graphical representation of the data. In addition tocalibrating sensors and/or interaction devices and/or storing data, orin isolation, one or more interaction devices may be controlled (824).The data acquisition and processing device, in conjunction with thecontrol circuit, may activate one or more interaction devices. Forexample, upon determining a particular orientation of a user, the dataacquisition device and control circuit may activate an interactiondevice to deliver a drug. In some embodiments, interaction devices arecontrolled by the control circuit without input from a data acquisitionand processing device.

Referring now to FIG. 8, method 900 of operation of an epidermalelectronics device is shown according to one embodiment. The epidermalelectronics device is attached (902). The epidermal electronics deviceis attached to attachment surface 103 which may include skin, bone,muscle tissue, the heart, the lungs, etc. In some embodiments,attachment surface 103 is a bandage attached or to be attached to theskin or other organ. Sensor data is acquired (904). Acquiring sensordata may include measuring one or more parameters of attachment surface103. In some embodiments, sensors 770 in epidermal electronics device100 measure one or more parameters of attachment surface 103. Forexample, sensors 770 may measure the orientation of attachment surface103 as approximated by the orientation of electronics layer 107 inepidermal electronics device 100. Sensors 770 may also measure the rateof change in the orientation, acceleration, movement, angular motion,rotation, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and/or position ofattachment surface 103. In some embodiments, the rate of change of theseparameters is calculated by either control circuit 760 or dataacquisition and processing device 510. The sensor data is collected(906). For example, the sensor data is collected by control circuitry.This may be accomplished using multiplexer 765 within control circuit760. The data is processed (908). For example, control circuit 760 mayuse processor 763 and memory 761 to calculate the orientation ofepidermal electronics device 100. The data may be processed by a varietyof techniques to estimate or calculate orientation, acceleration,movement, angular motion, rotation, angular velocity, angularacceleration, and/or position of epidermal electronics device 100. Forexample, control circuit 760 may use a Kalman filter, dynamic filter, orother algorithm to calculate or estimate the orientation of epidermalelectronics device 100. Control circuit 760 may also use constraints inmaking calculations such as data from other sensors 770 in epidermalelectronics device 100, data from another epidermal electronics device100, data from external sensing devices 550, and/or models. Controlcircuit 760 may also monitor sensors 770 for irregular measurements.

After acquiring and processing the data, the data is displayed (922). Insome embodiments, control circuit 760 sends the data to data acquisitionand processing device 510 to be displayed. In other embodiments, dataacquisition and processing device 510 displays the data. The datadisplayed may be one of or a combination of the raw sensor data,constraints, models, processed data, estimated orientation,acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angular velocity,angular acceleration, and/or position of the attachment surface,graphical representations of position, orientation, gait, and/orposture, etc. In some embodiments, the data is displayed on anothercomputer or device to which data acquisition and processing device 510sends the relevant information. Method 900 may begin again by measuringone or more parameters with sensors 770 of epidermal electronics device100. In some embodiments, several iterations take place prior to thedisplay of data. In some embodiments, only one iteration of the stepsoccurs.

In some embodiments, a control signal is sent (910) following theprocessing of data by control circuit 760. The control signal may besent to sensor 770 and/or interaction device 780. In the case that thecontrol signal is sent to sensor 770, the sensor 770 is controlled(912). This may include calibrating sensor 770. This may also includeturning sensor 770 on or off. In the case that the control signal issent to interaction device 780, interaction device 780 is controlled(914). This may include activating interaction device 780, for example,delivering a drug with a drug delivery device. Controlling interactiondevice 780 may also include turning interaction device 780 on or off.After controlling sensor 770 or controlling interaction device 780, themethod may begin again by measuring one or more parameters with sensors770 of epidermal electronics device 100.

In some embodiments, control circuit 760 outputs data usingcommunications device 750 and communications connection 753 after thedata has been processed. In other embodiments, the data which is outputmay not have been previously processed (e.g., control circuit 760 mayoutput measurement data from sensors 770 without estimating orcalculating orientation). The data may be output to data acquisition andprocessing device 510. In some embodiments, the data is output to otherdevices. For example, data may be output to other epidermal electronicsdevices 100 or to a computer other than data acquisition and processingdevice 510. The output data may be acquired and processed. In someembodiments, data is acquired and processed by data acquisition andprocessing device 510. Data acquisition and processing device 510 mayacquire the data through communications device 750 and communicationsconnection 753 with epidermal electronics device 100. The data may beprocessed by a variety of techniques to estimate or calculateorientation, acceleration, movement, angular motion, rotation, angularvelocity, angular acceleration, and/or position of epidermal electronicsdevice 100. For example, data acquisition and processing device 510 mayuse a Kalman filter, dynamic filter, or other algorithm to calculate orestimate the orientation of epidermal electronics device 100. Dataacquisition and processing device 510 may also use constraints in makingcalculations such as data from other sensors 770 in epidermalelectronics device 100, data from another epidermal electronics device100, data from external sensing devices 550, and/or models. In furtherembodiments, a control signal may be sent following the acquisition ofthe data from sensors 770 and processing of the data by data acquisitionand processing device 510. Data acquisition and processing device 510may send the control signal following the acquisition and processing ofthe data. The control signal may be sent to control circuit 760 usingcommunication device 750 and communication connection 753. In someembodiments, control circuit 760 uses the data or informationtransferred to send control signals as instructed by data acquisitionand processing device 510. Control circuit 760 may also send a controlsignal to one or more interaction devices 780 and/or one of more sensors770 based on a calculation by control circuit 760. For example, controlcircuit 760 may send a calibration control signal to sensor 770 to makea correction following an extraneous measurement detected by controlcircuit 760.

It should be noted that while FIGS. 7-8 provide various examples ofoperating epidermal electronics device 100, other steps and/orcomponents may be used, and all such embodiments are within the scope ofthe present disclosure. For example, the method 810 of using epidermalelectronics device 100 may include additional steps or components.Sensors 770 may produce data regarding orientation, acceleration,movement, angular motion, rotation, angular velocity, angularacceleration, and/or position or any other measured characteristic(e.g., moisture). In some embodiments, cells 120 perform the function ofmultiplexing sensor output. In this case, the functions of controlcircuit 760 may be performed by cells 120 and/or data acquisition andprocessing device 510. In some embodiments, the functions of dataacquisition and processing device 510 are performed by control circuit760. For example, control circuit 760 may be configured to applyalgorithms to the sensor data and to estimate or calculate orientation,rotation, and/or position of attachments surface 103. In furtherexample, method 900 of operation of an epidermal electronics device mayinclude additional steps or components. The individual steps of method900 may be performed simultaneously (e.g., as in pipelining). Othersteps and components may be used in the methods illustrated in FIGS. 7and 8 consistent with the disclosure made herein with regards tocomponents and their functions and the functions of the epidermalelectronics device.

Systems and methods are also described for monitoring repetitive stressinjuries and arthritis. A repetitive stress injury may include damage totendons, nerves, and other soft tissues that is caused by the repetitiveand forceful physical movements or vibrations and sustained positioningof body portions in a biomechanically detrimental position, and may becharacterized by numbness, pain, and a wasting and weakening of muscles.The systems and methods include generating sense signals from one ormore physiological sensors and motion sensors positioned proximate to abody portion of a subject. In an embodiment, the systems and methodsdescribed herein may be used to monitor and treat a medical conditionthrough the generation of sense signals from one or more physiologicalsensors and motion sensors configured to monitor one or morephysiological conditions of a subject and one or more movements orpositions of a body portion of the subject and to provide an effect tothe body portion through action of one or more effectors. The medicalcondition can include, but is not limited to, a joint-basednon-inflammation condition (e.g., arthralgia, osteo-arthritis), ajoint-based inflammation condition (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis,psoriatic arthritis, arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenileidiopathic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus), anenthesis-based condition (e.g., enthesitis), a tendon-based condition(e.g., tendonitis, tenosynovitis), a ligament-based condition (e.g.,strain), a nerve entrapment or compression based condition or syndrome(e.g., carpal tunnel entrapment, cubital tunnel entrapment, tarsaltunnel entrapment, radial nerve entrapment, meralgia paresthetica), andthe like. For example, carpal tunnel syndrome, a type of carpal tunnelentrapment, relates to compression of the median nerve as it passesthrough the carpal tunnel into the wrist, and can be related tooccupational factors (see, e.g., Palmer, Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol.Feb. 2011; 25(1): 15-29, which is incorporated herein by reference).

In an embodiment, the systems and methods described herein employ one ormore physiological sensors to monitor one or more physiologicalconditions of a subject and to generate a sense signal in responsethereto. The physiological sensors include, but are not limited to, anelectromyograph, a strain sensor, a temperature sensor, an opticalsensor (e.g., an LED), and an acoustic sensor.

In an embodiment, the systems and methods described herein employ one ormore motion sensors to monitor a movement or position of a body portionof a subject and to generate a sense signal in response thereto. Themotion sensors include, but are not limited to, sensors configured tomeasure a repeated motion of a body portion, sensors configured tomeasure a number of repetitions of a movement of a body portion, sensorsconfigured to measure a speed of a movement of a body portion, sensorsconfigured to measure a duration of movement of a body portion, sensorsconfigured to measure a disposition of a body portion relative to asecond body portion, and sensors configured to measure an angle ofmovement of a body portion.

In an embodiment, the systems and methods described herein employ one ormore effectors to affect a body portion responsive to processing ofsense signals generated by the sensor assembly. The effectors include,but are not limited to, tactile stimulators (e.g., a tactile stimulatorconfigured to provide a tactile indication regarding a position of abody portion) and nerve stimulators (e.g., a nerve stimulator configuredto provide therapeutic stimulation or electrical blockage of nerveconduction).

In an embodiment, shown in FIG. 9, a system 1000 is configured tomonitor and treat a medical condition associated with a repetitivestress injury, arthritis, or other medical condition. The system 1000includes a substrate 1002, a sensor assembly 1004, a processor 1006, andan effector 1008. In an embodiment, the system 1000 includes epidermalelectronic systems (EES) to monitor physiological, positional, andmovement conditions for monitoring, preventing, and treating a medicalcondition associated with a repetitive stress injury, arthritis, orother medical condition. EES describe classes of electronic systems thatprovide thicknesses, effective elastic moduli, and flexibility suitablefor interfacing with a skin surface (see, e.g., Kim et al., EpidermalElectronics, Science, Vol. 333, 838-843 (2011) and Yeo et al.,Multifunctional Epidermal Electronics Printed Directly Onto the Skin,Advanced Materials Vol. 25(20), 2773-2778 (2013), which are incorporatedherein by reference) and can incorporate sensors (e.g., physiological,temperature, strain) and associated circuity (e.g., transistors, diodes,photodetectors, radio frequency components, capacitors, oscillators).

The substrate 1002 is a deformable (e.g., flexible, stretchable)substrate configured to interface with a skin surface of a subject. Thedeformable nature of the substrate 1002 facilitatesinteraction/interfacing with the skin surface, a generally low-modulusand deformable natural surface. For example, the substrate 1002 caninclude one or more of an elastomeric polymer, a hydrocolloid film, ananomembrane (e.g., silicon nanomembrane), or other deformable material.For example, the substrate 1002 can include one or more coating. Thesubstrate 1002 can be positioned in proximity with the skin surfaceaccording to various mechanisms including, but not limited to, affixedto the skin via an adhesive material, and held in place by an externalpressure, such as pressure provided by a material wrapped around thebody portion (e.g., a fabric, a garment, etc.). In an embodiment, thesubstrate 1002 is configured to reversibly deform to coordinate with adeformation of the skin surface of the body portion upon which thesubstrate 1002 is mounted. In an embodiment, the substrate 1002 includesa gas-permeable elastomeric sheet on which electronic components of anEES reside (see, e.g., Kim et al., incorporated herein by reference)configured to interface with a skin surface. In an embodiment, thesubstrate 1002 includes a microfluidic enclosure defined by opposingstructured elastomeric substrates between which electronic components ofan EES reside (see e.g., Xu et al, Soft Microfluidic Assemblies ofSensors, Circuits, and Radios for the Skin, Science, Vol. 344, 70-74(2014), which is incorporated herein by reference).

The substrate 1002 can also be configured for interaction with a skinsurface of a particular body portion. In example embodiments, the bodyportion includes one or more of a finger, a hand, a wrist, a toe, afoot, an ankle, an arm, an elbow, a leg, a knee, a shoulder, a hip, aspinal portion (e.g., a region proximate to one or more of a cervicalspine, a thoracic spine, a lumbar spine, a sacral spine, and a coccygealspine), a rib portion (e.g., a region proximate to a rib, such as wherethe rib attaches the spine), a torso, a neck, and a head region (e.g.,face, scalp). For example, the substrate 1002 can conform to a tubularstructure to facilitate interaction with a finger or toe (see, e.g.,Ying et al., Silicon nanomembranes for fingertip electronics,Nanotechnology, Vol. 23, No. 34, 1-7 (2012) which is incorporated hereinby reference). In an embodiment, shown in FIG. 10, the system 1000 ispositioned on a wrist 1100 of the subject for monitoring, preventing,and treating a medical condition associated with a repetitive stressinjury, arthritis, or other medical condition associated with the wristor other body portion in close proximity to the wrist, including, butnot limited to, the hand, one or more fingers, and the arm.

Referring to FIGS. 9-14, the sensor assembly 1004 includes a motionsensor 1010 and a physiological sensor 1012. The sensor assembly 1004 isconfigured to generate one or more sense signals based on detection of amovement of a body portion by the motion sensor 1010 and a physiologicalparameter of the body portion by the physiological sensor 1012. In anembodiment, the motion sensor 1010 includes one or more of anaccelerometer (e.g., accelerometer 1400) and a proximity sensor (e.g.,proximity sensor 1402) to detect a movement of a body portion andgenerate a sense signal in response thereto. The proximity sensor caninclude one or more of an infrared sensor (e.g., infrared sensor 1404)and an optical sensor (e.g., optical sensor 1406). In an embodiment, theproximity sensor is configured to sense a second body portion proximatethe body portion on which the system 1000 is positioned. For example,the system 1000 can be positioned on a wrist of a subject and the motionsensor 1010 can include a proximity sensor configured to detect one ormore of a presence, a position, an angle, and a movement of another bodyportion proximate the wrist, such as a hand, a palm, an arm, a finger, ashoulder, and so forth. In an embodiment, the proximity sensor isconfigured to sense a device interfacing with another portion of theskin surface or with another body portion. For example, the system 1000can be positioned on a body portion of a subject and a second system1000 is positioned proximate the body portion or on another bodyportion, where the proximity sensor of the motion sensor 1010 of thesystem 1000 can sense one or more of a presence, a position, an angle,and a movement of the second system 1000.

The motion sensor 1010 is configured to detect one or more of a movementof a body portion and a position of the body portion. The body portioncan be the portion with which the system 1000 interfaces or can be aportion proximate the portion with which the system 1000 interfaces. Inan embodiment, the motion sensor 1010 generates a sense signal based ona repeated motion of the body portion. For example, the system 1000 canbe positioned on a wrist of a subject and the motion sensor 1010measures a repeated flexing or bending of the wrist, such as to move thehand or one or more fingers. In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010measures a number of repetitions of a movement of a body portion. Forexample, the system 1000 can be positioned on a finger of a subject andthe motion sensor 1010 measures the number of repetitions that theparticular finger is flexed or bent. Measuring the number of repetitionscan include, but is not limited to, measuring that zero repetitions haveoccurred, measuring a finite number of repetitions, measuring the numberof repetitions taken over a specified time period, and determining thatthe number of repetitions exceeds a threshold number (e.g., a thresholdat which a subject is at risk for a repetitive strain injury). In anembodiment, the motion sensor 1010 measures a speed of a movement of abody portion. For example, the system 1000 can be positioned on an ankleof a subject and the motion sensor 1010 measures the speed of movementof the ankle, such as one or more of a speed of movement during aflexing of the ankle during a walking motion, a speed of movementrelative to a ground surface during a walking motion, or other movement.In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010 measures a duration of amovement of a body portion. The duration can include one or more of atotal duration of movement within a period of time (e.g., durationencompassing multiple repetitions of movement) and a total duration ofmovement for a single repetition of movement. For example, the system1000 can be positioned on a finger of a subject and the motion sensor1010 measures one or more of the duration of motion of bending orflexing the finger over a period of time and the duration of motion of asingle repetition of movement of the finger, such as relative to thepalm, hand, or wrist. The period of time over which the movement ismeasured can include, but is not limited to, a minute, an hour, aportion of a day during which a subject is awake and active, a day, orlonger duration. In an embodiment, the sensor assembly 1004 isconfigured to measure the disposition of the body portion over a periodof time. For example, the sensor assembly 1004 may measure a dispositionof the body portion over time while the body portion is one or more ofat rest, while in motion, and while held in a position that is not arest position (e.g., tensed). In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010measures a disposition of a body portion on which the system 1000 ispositioned relative to a second body portion during a movement of one ormore of the body portion and the second body portion. For example, thesystem 1000 can be positioned on a phalange of a subject and the motionsensor 1010 measures a disposition of the phalange relative to a wristor ankle of the subject during motion of the phalange or wrist/ankle. Inan embodiment, the motion sensor 1010 measures an angle of movement of abody portion. For example, the system 1000 can be positioned on an armof a subject and the motion sensor 1010 measures an angle of movement ofthe arm (e.g., relative to the torso, relative to a rest position of thearm, relative to another body portion, and so forth). Measurement by themotion sensor 1010 of one or more of a repeated motion of a bodyportion, a number of repetitions of the movement of the body portion, aspeed of the movement of the body portion, a duration of the movement ofthe body portion, a disposition of the body portion relative to a secondbody portion, and an angle of movement of the body portion providesinformation that can aid in the determination by the system 1000 ofwhether the subject has a repetitive stress injury or is at risk for arepetitive stress injury, and can provide data regarding actions totreat or avoid a particular repetitive stress injury with the system1000.

The physiological sensor 1012 is configured to detect a physiologicalparameter of the subject on which the system 1000 is positioned. In anembodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 detects a localizedphysiological parameter provided by one or more of a body portion withwhich the system 1000 interfaces and a body portion proximate theportion with which the system 1000 interfaces. The physiological sensor1012 can also be configured to detect systemic physiological parametersof the subject on which the system 1000 is positioned. In an embodiment,the physiological sensor 1012 includes an electromyograph (EMG) (FIG. 13shows electromyograph 1408), such as sensor electrodes configured tomonitor the electrophysiological activity of muscle tissue proximate tothe body portion on which the system 1000 is positioned. In anembodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 includes a strain sensor(e.g., strain sensor 1410). For example, the strain sensor may be asilicon nanomembrane-based sensor positioned over the skin surface tomeasure a strain-based physiological parameter (see, e.g., Son et al.,Multifunctional wearable devices for diagnosis and therapy of movementdisorders, Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 9, 397-404 (2014), which ishereby incorporated by reference). In an embodiment, the physiologicalsensor 1012 includes a temperature sensor (e.g., temperature sensor1412). For example, the temperature sensor can include, but is notlimited to, a single point temperature sensor, a spatial imagingtemperature sensor, and a microscale temperature sensor configured as amicroscale heating element or actuator, such as one or more microscaletemperature sensors incorporating thin serpentine features of thin metalor PIN diodes with nanoscale membranes (see, e.g., Webb et al.,Ultrathin conformal devices for precise and continuous thermalcharacterization of human skin, Nature Materials, Vol. 12, 938-944(2013), which is incorporated herein by reference). In an embodiment,the physiological sensor 1012 includes an optical sensor (e.g., opticalsensor 1414) configured to measure an optical characteristic of a bodyportion on which the system 1000 is positioned. For example, the opticalsensor can include, but is not limited to, a light-emitting diode (LED)(e.g., light-emitting diode 1416), an LED coordinates with aphotosensor, an imaging device, such as a camera, and so forth. In anembodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 includes an acoustic sensor(e.g., acoustic sensor 1418). The acoustic sensor may provide dataregarding motion of a joint including, but not limited to, a wrist, anelbow, a shoulder, an ankle, a knee, and a hip.

The processor 1006 is configured to receive one or more sense signalsfrom the sensor assembly 1004 and to process the sense signals in orderto provide control signals to portions of the system 1000, such as tothe effector 1008. In an embodiment, the processor 1006 is a residentdevice component that is coupled to the substrate 1002. Alternatively,the processor 1006 can be located remotely from the substrate 1002 andcan send and receive signals via associated wireless communicationmethods including, but not limited to acoustic communication signals,optical communication signals, radio communication signals, infraredcommunication signals, ultrasonic communication signals, and the like.The processor 1006 can include a microprocessor, a central processingunit (CPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate entry (FPGA), orthe like, or any combinations thereof, and can include discrete digitalor analog circuit elements or electronics, or combinations thereof. Inone embodiment, the computing device includes one or more ASICs having aplurality of predefined logic components. In one embodiment, thecomputing device includes one or more FPGAs having a plurality ofprogrammable logic commands.

The effector 1008 is operably coupled to the processor 1006 and affectsa body portion responsive to control by the processor 1006 to one ormore of prevent and treat a medical condition associated with arepetitive stress injury, arthritis, or other medical condition. In anembodiment, the effector 1008 includes one or more of a tactilestimulator (e.g., tactile stimulator 1420) and a nerve stimulator (e.g.,nerve stimulator 1422). A tactile stimulator can provide a subject anindication regarding a position of a body portion. For example, thesensor assembly 1004 can generate one or more sense signals regarding aposition of a body portion on which the system 1000 is positioned, wherethe processor 1006 receives the sense signals and instructs the effector1008 (e.g., tactile stimulator) to provide an indication to the userregarding the position, such as by providing a vibrational response tothe user. In an embodiment, the processor 1006 determines that theposition of the body portion is a biomechanically detrimental position.For example, the processor 1006 can compare the one or more sensesignals generated by the sensor assembly 1004 to reference dataindicative of a strain injury stored in a resident or remote memorydevice. The processor 1006 can then instruct the tactile stimulator toaffect the body portion, such as by providing a vibrational effect, toprovide an indication that the position of the body portion is abiomechanically detrimental position. In an embodiment, the processor1006 determines that the body portion has maintained the currentposition for a duration longer than a threshold duration. For example,the processor 1006 can compare the one or more sense signals generatedby the sensor assembly 1004 regarding a duration of the body portion ina particular position to a threshold duration stored in a resident orremote memory device. The threshold duration can be based onbiomechanical data indicative of when a repetitive stress injury islikely to occur. The processor 1006 can then instruct the tactilestimulator to affect the body portion, such as by providing avibrational effect, to provide an indication that the body portion hasmaintained the current position for a duration longer than the thresholdduration.

The effector 1008 can include a nerve stimulator configured to providean electrical stimulation to one or more nerves in the subject on whichthe system 1000 is positioned. In an embodiment, the nerve stimulatorgenerates an electrical current or impulse to therapeutically stimulatea nerve proximate to the body portion on which the system 1000 ispositioned. The therapeutic stimulation can be utilized to treat oravoid a repetitive stress injury of the subject. In an embodiment, thenerve stimulator is configured to stimulate a nerve conduction of anerve proximate to the body portion on which the system 1000 ispositioned. Stimulating the nerve conduction induces movement of thebody portion or sensation of the body portion. For example, the sensorassembly 1004 generates one or more sense signals based on detection ofa movement or position of the body portion by the motion sensor 1010 anda physiological parameter of the body portion by the physiologicalsensor 1012, where the processor 1006 receives the one or more sensesignals and directs the effector 1008 to affect the body portion bygenerating an electrical current or impulse to stimulate a nerveconduction of a nerve proximate to the body portion on which the system1000 is positioned, such as to cause movement of the body portion or toinduce a sensation of the body portion. In an embodiment, the nervestimulator is configured to stimulate the nerve conduction after athreshold period of time during which the body portion is retained in aparticular position. For example, the motion sensor 1010 may provide oneor more sense signals regarding the position of the body portion over atemporal duration. The system 1000 may infer that the body portionremains within a particular position when the one or more sense signalsdo not significantly deviate over a period of the temporal duration thatcorresponds to a threshold duration of time. The threshold duration oftime can correspond to a time at which a body portion becomes subject toa risk of strain injury or to an increased risk of strain injury.

In an embodiment, the nerve stimulator is configured to electricallyblock a nerve conduction of a nerve proximate to the body portion onwhich the system 1000 is positioned. For example, the nerve stimulatorgenerates an electrical current or impulse to interfere with, block,alter, and the like, a nerve conduction of a nerve. Blocking the nerveconduction can inhibit a pain receptor of the subject. For example, thesensor assembly 1004 generates one or more sense signals based ondetection of a movement of the body portion by the motion sensor 1010and a physiological parameter of the body portion by the physiologicalsensor 1012, where the processor 1006 receives the one or more sensesignals and directs the effector 1008 affect the body portion bygenerating an electrical current or impulse to block a nerve conductionof a nerve proximate to the body portion on which the system 1000 ispositioned, such as to inhibit a pain receptor of the subject. In anembodiment, the blockage of the nerve conduction can inhibit a movementof the body portion. For example, where the sensor assembly 1004generates one or more sense signals indicating that the body portion ismaintained in a biomechanically detrimental position, the processor 1006can control the effector 1008 to block a nerve conduction of a nerveproximate to the body portion to inhibit movement of the body portionfrom maintaining or repositioning into the biomechanically detrimentalposition. Other indicators for inhibiting the movement of the bodyportion include, but are not limited to, repetitive movements indicativeof a repetitive stress injury, maintaining the body portion in aposition that exceeds a threshold duration, and the like.

In an embodiment, as shown in FIG. 11, the system 1000 includes a powersupply 1200 configured to provide power to one or more components of thesystem 1000 including, but not limited to, the sensor assembly 1004, theprocessor 1006, and the effector 1008. In an embodiment, the powersupply 1200 is a resident device component that is coupled to thesubstrate 1002. Examples of resident device components include, but arenot limited to, batteries (e.g., a thin film battery) and solar cells(e.g., silicon-based solar cells) configured to convert light energyinto electrical energy for use by the components of the system 1000. Inan embodiment, the power supply 1200 includes one or more componentspositioned remotely from the substrate 1002 that transmit power signalsvia associated wireless power methods including, but not limited to,inductive coupling of power signals. In such embodiments, the system1000 includes one or more components positioned on the substrate 1002configured to one or more of receive, process, and distribute the powersignals that originate from components positioned remotely from thesubstrate 1002. For example, the system 1000 can include a wirelesspower coil coupled to the substrate 1002 that is configured to receive aremote power signal, such as a remote power signal originating from aremote transmission coil (see, e.g., Kim et al., incorporated herein byreference).

In an embodiment, as shown in FIG. 12, the system 1000 includes acomparison module 1300 accessible by the processor 1006 to compare themovement of the body portion, detected by the motion sensor 1010 of thesensor assembly 1004, and the physiological parameter of the bodyportion, detected by the physiological sensor 1012 of the sensorassembly 1004, to reference data indicative of a strain injury. In anembodiment, the processor 1006 accesses the comparison module 1300 byaccessing a computer memory 1302, which can include, but is not limitedto, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electricallyerasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, or othermemory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD), or otheroptical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage, or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium whichcan be used to store the desired information maintained by thecomparison module 1300 and which can be accessed by the processor 1006or other accessing device. The reference data may be stored by thecomputer memory 1302 of the system 1000, can be accessible by theprocessor 1006 via wireless means, or can be available to the processor1006 through another method. The reference data may includephysiological and biomechanical information pertaining to an acute ortraumatic injury that include, but is not limited to, a strain, asprain, or a tear of a muscle or soft tissue (e.g., ligament, tendon,enthesis, or other connective tissue). The reference data may includephysiological and biomechanical information pertaining to a long-term orchronic medical condition that can include, but is not limited to, ajoint-based non-inflammation condition (e.g., arthralgia,osteo-arthritis), a joint-based inflammation condition (e.g., rheumatoidarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis,juvenile idiopathic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus), anenthesis-based condition (e.g., enthesitis), a tendon-based condition(e.g., tendonitis, tenosynovitis), a ligament-based condition (e.g.,chronic strain), a nerve entrapment or compression based condition orsyndrome (e.g., carpal tunnel entrapment, cubital tunnel entrapment,tarsal tunnel entrapment, radial nerve entrapment, meralgiaparesthetica), and the like. By implementing the protocols of thecomparison module 1300, the processor 1006 may compare the movement,position, and physiological data pertaining to the body portion obtainedby the sensor assembly 1004 to reference data indicative of a straininjury and make a determination regarding the risk or likelihood of astrain injury occurring for the body portion. In an embodiment, theprocessor 1006 further determines an action to be executed by theeffector 1008 based upon the comparison made between the data receivedfrom the sensor assembly 1004 and the reference data. For example, wherethe processor 1006 determines that the body portion is at a relativelyhigh risk for incurring a strain injury, the processor 1006 may controlthe effector 1008 to take a first action (e.g., electrically affect anerve conduction), whereas if the processor 1006 determines that thebody portion is at a lower risk for incurring a strain injury, theprocessor 1006 may control the effector 1008 to take a second action(e.g., provide a visible, audible, or tactile warning to the subject).

In an embodiment, as shown in FIG. 14, the system 1000 further includesa reporter 1500 configured to convey information from the system 1000.The information from the reporter 1500 may be provided one or more ofvisually (e.g., visual information), audibly (e.g., auditoryinformation), and as data (e.g., one or more data signals associatedwith the information to convey). In an embodiment, the reporter 1500reports one or more of an actuation of the effector 1008, a detectedmovement or position of the body portion, and a detected physiologicalcondition. The reporter 1500 can provide warnings or instructionsregarding the movement, position, and the physiological condition of thebody portion. For example, the reporter 1500 may be configured to reporta warning of a risk of a biomechanically detrimental positioning of thebody portion. The biomechanically detrimental positioning may influencethe risk for a repetitive strain injury (e.g., as determined by theprocessor 1006 implementing the comparison module 1300). In anembodiment, the reporter 1500 is configured to report an instruction tomove the body portion. The reporter 1500 may function in combinationwith the effector 1008 to provide visual or auditory context to thesubject upon action of the effector 1008, such as when a tactilestimulation occurs via a tactile stimulator of the effector 1008. In anembodiment, the reporter 1500 includes a display 1502 configured toreport, communicate, or otherwise provide information to the subjectutilizing the system 1000. The display 1502 may include, but is notlimited to, a graphical user interface (GUI), a touchscreen assembly(e.g., a capacitive touch screen), a liquid crystal display (LCD), alight-emitting diode (LED) display, and a projection-based display. Inan embodiment, the reporter 1500 includes a transmitter 1504 configuredto transmit information from the system 1000 to a remote location 1506(e.g., a remote entity, a remote device, and so forth). In anembodiment, the remote location includes a communication device, such asone or more of a mobile communication device and a computer systemincluding, but not limited to, mobile computing devices (e.g., hand-heldportable computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), laptopcomputers, netbook computers, tablet computers, and so forth), mobiletelephone devices (e.g., cellular telephones and smartphones), devicesthat include functionalities associated with smartphones and tabletcomputers (e.g., phablets), portable game devices, portable mediaplayers, multimedia devices, satellite navigation devices (e.g., GlobalPositioning System (GPS) navigation devices), e-book reader devices(eReaders), Smart Television (TV) devices, surface computing devices(e.g., table top computers), Personal Computer (PC) devices, and otherdevices that employ touch-based human interfaces. The reporter 1500 cancommunicate (e.g., send and receive communication signals) with theremote location 1506 via one or more connected and wirelesscommunication mechanisms (FIG. 14 displays a wireless communicationmechanism 1508) including, but not limited to acoustic communicationsignals, optical communication signals, radio communication signals,infrared communication signals, ultrasonic communication signals, andthe like.

In an embodiment, the remote location 1506 includes a computer systemconfigured to store and execute one or more computer-executableprograms, whereby the reporter can interact with (e.g., remotely access,execute, and so forth) and modify the programs stored on the computersystem. For example, FIG. 14 displays the remote location 1506 includinga computer system 610 having a computer-executable program 612 storedthereon. In an embodiment, the information provided to the computersystem 610 by the reporter 1500 is used to populate fields of theprogram, such as fields associated with risks of repetitive stressinjury. In an embodiment, the program 612 includes scheduling softwareconfigured to provide personnel scheduling functionality, such as toschedule personnel to particular tasks within an organizationalstructure while considering the risks for repetitive stress injuriesassociated with the various tasks engaged by the personnel and includingactual data, provided by the reporter 1500, of actual risks ofrepetitive stress injuries of individuals interfacing with the system1000. For example, the scheduling software can include instructionsthat, when executed by a computer processor on the computer system 610,causes the computer system 610 to provide real-time personnelscheduling. The reporter 1500 can provide information associated withrisks for repetitive stress injuries for one or more individualsinterfacing with the system 1000 based on measured movements, positions,and physiological conditions in order for the program 612 to makereal-time personnel scheduling assignments, such as to makesubstantially instantaneous or real-time determinations of personnelassignments to minimize the risk of repetitive stress injuries on anindividual basis, an organizational basis, and so forth.

As another example, the scheduling software can include instructions,that when executed by a computer processor on the computer system 610,causes the computer system 610 to provide long-term personnelscheduling. The reporter 1500 can provide information associated withrisks for repetitive stress injuries for one or more individualsinterfacing with the system 1000 based on measured movements, positions,and physiological conditions in order for the program 612 to makelong-term personnel scheduling assignments, such as to makedeterminations of personnel assignments over time to minimize the riskof repetitive stress injuries on an individual basis, an organizationalbasis, and so forth.

As another example, the scheduling software can include instructions,that when executed by a computer processor on the computer system 610,causes the computer system 610 to provide personnel tracking. Thereporter 1500 can provide information associated with risks forrepetitive stress injuries for one or more individuals interfacing withthe system 1000 based on measured movements, positions, andphysiological conditions in order for the program 612 to track the risksof repetitive stress injuries associated with particular individuals,which can be coordinated with the tracking of the particular assignmentsof the individual, such as to make determinations of risks of repetitivestress injuries for the individual based on the particular assignmentshandled by the individual. The information provided by the reporter 1500can be used to track an individual's propensity for risk of repetitivestress injury as compared to a group of individuals, such as todetermine whether the particular individual engages in morebiomechanically detrimental activities than the group, to determinewhether the particular individual engages in more biomechanicallydetrimental positioning than the group (e.g., the individual hasimproper form for performing the various tasks associated with specificjob assignments), and so forth.

FIG. 15A illustrates an example environment in which embodiments of thesystem 1000 may be implemented. As shown, the system 1000 is positionedon a finger 1600 a of a subject. In an embodiment, the system 1000further includes a second device configured to generate one or moresense signals based on detected movements, positions, and physiologicalparameters of the body portion on which the second device is positioned.The second device can then affect the body portion on which it ispositioned, as described herein with respect to the effector 1008 of thesystem 1000. For example, as shown in FIG., 15A, the system 1000includes a second device 1602 positioned on another finger 1600 b of thesame hand of the subject, although other positional configurations canbe utilized, including but not limited to, positioning the second device1602 on a different portion of the same finger 1600 a, or positioningthe second device 1602 on a hand, a wrist, a toe, a foot, an ankle, anarm, an elbow, a leg, a knee, a shoulder, a hip, a spinal portion (e.g.,a region proximate to one or more of a cervical spine, a thoracic spine,a lumbar spine, a sacral spine, and a coccygeal spine), a rib portion(e.g., a region proximate to a rib, such as where the rib attaches thespine), a torso, a neck, and a head region (e.g., face, scalp).

In an embodiment, an example of which is shown in FIG. 15B, the seconddevice 1602 includes a deformable substrate 1604, a sensor assembly1606, a processor 1608, and an effector 1610. The second device 1602incorporates epidermal electronic systems (EES) to monitorphysiological, positional, and movement conditions for monitoring,preventing, and treating a medical condition associated with arepetitive stress injury, arthritis, or other medical condition. Thedeformable substrate 1604 is a deformable (e.g., flexible, stretchable)substrate configured to interface with a skin surface of a subject. Thedeformable nature of the substrate 1604 facilitatesinteraction/interfacing with the skin surface, a generally low-modulusand deformable natural surface. In an embodiment, the structure of thesubstrate 1604 is similar to, or the same as, the structure of thesubstrate 1002 described herein, with corresponding functionalities.

As shown in FIG. 15B, the sensor assembly 1606 of the second device 1602includes a motion sensor 1612 and a physiological sensor 1614. Thesensor assembly 1606 is configured to generate one or more sense signalsbased on detection of a movement or position of a body portion by themotion sensor 1612 and a physiological parameter of the body portion bythe physiological sensor 1614. In an embodiment, the structures of thesensor assembly 1606, the motion sensor 1612, and the physiologicalsensor 1614 are similar to, or the same as, the structures of the sensorassembly 1004, the motion sensor 1010, and the physiological sensor1012, respectively, described herein, including but not limited to,accelerometers, proximity sensors, electromyographs (EMG), strainsensors, temperature sensors, optical sensors, and acoustic sensors,with corresponding functionalities.

The processor 1608 is configured to receive one or more sense signalsfrom the sensor assembly 1606 and to process the sense signals in orderto provide control signals to portions of the second device 1602, suchas to the effector 1610. In an embodiment, the structure of theprocessor 1608 is similar to, or the same as, the structure of theprocessor 1006 described herein, with corresponding functionalities.

The effector 1610 is operably coupled to the processor 1608 and affectsa body portion responsive to control by the processor 1608 to one ormore of prevent and treat a medical condition associated with arepetitive stress injury, arthritis, or other medical condition. Forexample, the effector 1610 affects the finger 1600 b under the controlof the processor 1608, based on the processing of the one or more sensesignals from the sensor assembly 1606. In an embodiment, the structureof the effector 1610 is similar to, or the same as, the structure of theeffector 1008 described herein, including but not limited to, tactilestimulators and nerve stimulators, with corresponding functionalities.

In an embodiment, one or more components of the system 1000 interactwith the second device 1602. One or more components of the system 1000and the second device 1602 are configured to detect the presence of therespective other of the components of the system 1000 and the seconddevice 1602. For example, the motion sensor 1010 of the system 1000 maysense one or more properties of the second device 1602 to detect apresence of the second device on the finger 1600 b, and the motionsensor 1612 of the second device 1602 may sense one or more propertiesof the system 1000, such as the presence of the substrate 1002positioned on the finger 1600 a, to detect a presence of the system1000. In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010 of the system 1000 maysense one or more properties of the finger 1600 b to detect one or moreof the presence of the finger 1600 b, the proximity of the finger 1600 brelative to the finger 1600 a, and the disposition of the finger 1600 brelative to the finger 1600 a. In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1612of the second device may sense one or more properties of the finger 1600a to detect one or more of the presence of the finger 1600 a, theproximity of the finger 1600 a relative to the finger 1600 b, and thedisposition of the finger 1600 a relative to the finger 1600 b.

In an embodiment, as shown in FIG. 15B, the second device 1602 includesa communications interface 1616 to send communication signals from thesecond device 1602 and to receive communication signals from a remotelocation or device via one or more connected (e.g., wired connections)and wireless communication mechanisms including, but not limited toacoustic communication signals, optical communication signals, radiocommunication signals, infrared communication signals, ultrasoniccommunication signals, and the like. FIG. 15B shows an embodiment wherethe communications interface 1616 includes a reporter 1618 configured toconvey information from the second device 1602. The information from thereporter 1618 may be provided one or more of visually (e.g., visualinformation), audibly (e.g., auditory information), and as data (e.g.,one or more data signals associated with the information to convey). Inan embodiment, the structure and functionality of the reporter 1618 issimilar to, or the same as, the structure and functionalities of thereporter 1500 described herein.

In an embodiment, the communications interface 1616 of the second device1602 facilitates communication and interaction between the second device1602 and other components of the system 1000, including but not limitedto, the processor 1006 and the reporter 1500. Accordingly, thecommunications interface 1616 facilitates the transfer of data betweenthe second device 1602 and other components of the system 1000. The datacan include, but is not limited to, data associated with one or more ofan actuation of an effector (e.g., effector 1008, effector 1610), adetected movement or position of the body portion (e.g., sensed bymotion sensor 1010, motion sensor 1612), a detected physiologicalcondition (sensed by physiological sensor 1012, physiological sensor1614), warnings or instructions regarding the movement, position, andthe physiological condition of the body portion, an indication thatwarnings or instructions regarding the movement, position, and thephysiological condition of the body portion have been reported, aposition of a body portion relative to another body portion, and aposition of the second device 1602 relative to the position of one ormore components of the system 1000.

Referring now to FIG. 16, an example environment 1700 in whichembodiments may be implemented is shown. The environment 1700 includes afirst system 1702, a second system 1704, and a communications interface1706 coupled between the first system 1702 and the second system 1704.The first system 1702 and the second system 1704 are configured tomonitor, prevent, and treat a medical condition associated with arepetitive stress injury, arthritis, or other medical condition, andemploy epidermal electronic systems (EES) to monitor physiological,positional, and movement conditions for monitoring, preventing, andtreating a medical condition associated with a repetitive stress injury,arthritis, or other medical condition. The communications interface 1706facilitates the transfer of one or more communication signals betweenthe first system 1702 and the second system 1704. As shown, the firstsystem 1702 includes a deformable substrate 1708 configured forinteraction with a skin surface of a particular body portion, a sensorassembly 1710 including a motion sensor 1712 and a physiological sensor1714 configured to generate one or more sense signals based on detectionof a movement of a body portion by the motion sensor 1712 and aphysiological parameter of the body portion by the physiological sensor1714, a processor 1716 configured to receive one or more sense signalsfrom the sensor assembly 1710 and to process the sense signals in orderto provide control signals to portions of the first system 1702, and aneffector 1718 operably coupled to the processor 816 to affect a bodyportion responsive to control by the processor 1716 to one or more ofprevent and treat a medical condition associated with a repetitivestress injury, arthritis, or other medical condition. The substrate1708, the sensor assembly 1710, the processor 1716, and the effector1718 may correspond to the substrate 1002, the sensor assembly 1004, theprocessor 1006, and the effector 1008, respectively. The second system1704 includes a deformable substrate 1720 configured for interactionwith a skin surface of a particular body portion, a sensor assembly 1722including a motion sensor 1724 and a physiological sensor 1726configured to generate one or more sense signals based on detection of amovement of a body portion by the motion sensor 1724 and a physiologicalparameter of the body portion by the physiological sensor 1726, aprocessor 1728 configured to receive one or more sense signals from thesensor assembly 1722 and to process the sense signals in order toprovide control signals to portions of the second system 1704, and aneffector 1730 operably coupled to the processor 1728 to affect a bodyportion responsive to control by the processor 1728 to one or more ofprevent and treat a medical condition associated with a repetitivestress injury, arthritis, or other medical condition. The substrate1720, the sensor assembly 1722, the processor 1728, and the effector1730 may correspond to the substrate 1604, the sensor assembly 1606, theprocessor 1608, and the effector 1610, respectively. The communicationsinterface 1706 facilitates communication between the first system 1702and the second system 1704 and may facilitate communication from one ormore of the first system 1702 and the second system 1704 with a remotedevice or location. In an embodiment, the communications interface 1706includes a reporter associated with one or more of the first system 1702and the second system 1706, such as described with reference to thereporter 1500 and the reporter 1618. In an embodiment, the exampleenvironment 1700 includes a power supply in power communication with oneor more of the first system 1702, the second system 1704, and thecommunications interface 1706. For example, a power supply may bepositioned remotely from the first system 1702, the second system 1704,and the communications interface 1706 and provide one or more wirelesspower signals to the first system 1702, the second system 1704, and thecommunications interface 1706.

FIG. 17 illustrates a method 1800 for monitoring, preventing, andtreating a medical condition associated with a repetitive stress injury,arthritis, or other medical condition. Method 1800 shows detecting, viaan epidermal electronic system (EES), at least one of a position and amovement of a body portion in block 1802. For example, the motion sensor1010 provided on an EES-based system, such as system 1000, can detect atleast one of a position and a movement of a body portion, as describedherein. Method 1800 also includes generating one or more sense signalsbased on detection of the at least one of a position and a movement of abody portion in block 1804. For example, the motion sensor 1010 cangenerate one or more sense signals based on detecting at least one of aposition and a movement of a body portion, as described herein. Method1800 further includes processing the one or more sense signals todetermine a risk of inducing a repetitive stress injury in block 1806.For example, the processor 1006 can receive the one or more sensesignals generated from the motion sensor 1010 of the sensor assembly1004, and can process the one or more sense signals to determine a riskof inducing a repetitive stress injury, such as by accessing andexecuting the comparison module 1300, as described herein. Method 1800further includes executing an action to reduce the risk of inducing therepetitive stress injury in block 1808. For example, the processor 1006can provide one or more control signals to the effector 1008 to affectthe body portion to reduce the risk of inducing the repetitive stressinjury, as described herein.

FIG. 18 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.17. Block 1806 shows processing the one or more sense signals todetermine a risk of inducing a repetitive stress injury and includesoptional block 1900 that shows comparing the one or more sense signalsto reference data indicative of a strain injury to determine the risk ofinducing the strain injury. For example, the processor 1006 can accessand execute the comparison module 1300 to compare the one or more sensesignals generated by the sensor assembly 1004 to reference dataindicative of a strain injury. Block 1900 also includes optional block1902 that shows determining the action to execute based upon comparingthe one or more sense signals to reference data indicative of a straininjury. For example, the processor 1006 can determine which action forthe effector 1008 to take based on a comparison of the one or more sensesignals to reference data indicative of a strain injury: where immediateaction is warranted, the processor 1006 may determine to stimulate anerve conduction via the effector 1008 to induce movement of the bodyportion; where the risk of the repetitive stress injury is lesser, theprocessor 1006 may determine to provide a tactile simulation via theeffector 1008.

FIG. 19 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.17. Block 1806 shows executing an action to reduce the risk of inducingthe repetitive stress injury and includes optional block 2000 that showsreporting the determination of the risk of inducing the repetitivestrain injury to reduce the risk. Block 2000 includes optional block2002 that shows providing a tactile indication of the risk. Block 2002includes optional block 2004, which shows providing a vibration-basedindication of the risk and optional block 2006, which shows providing atactile indication regarding a position of the body portion. Block 2006includes optional block 2008, which shows providing a tactile indicationthat the position is a biomechanically detrimental position, and block2010, which shows providing a tactile indication that the body portionhas been in the position longer than a threshold duration.

FIG. 20 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.19. Block 1806 shows executing an action to reduce the risk of inducingthe repetitive stress injury and includes optional block 2000 that showsreporting the determination of the risk of inducing the repetitivestrain injury to reduce the risk. Block 2000 includes optional block2100 that shows providing a visual indication of the risk. Block 2100includes optional block 2102 that shows providing a visual indicationregarding a position of the body portion. Block 2102 includes optionalblock 2104, which shows providing a visual indication that the positionis a biomechanically detrimental position, and optional block 2106,which shows providing a visual indication that the body portion has beenin the position longer than a threshold duration.

FIG. 21 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.19. Block 1806 shows executing an action to reduce the risk of inducingthe repetitive stress injury and includes optional block 2000 that showsreporting the determination of the risk of inducing the repetitivestrain injury to reduce the risk. Block 2000 includes optional block2200 that shows providing an auditory indication of the risk. Block 2200includes optional block 2202 that shows providing an auditory indicationregarding a position of the body portion. Block 2202 includes optionalblock 2204, which shows providing an auditory indication that theposition is a biomechanically detrimental position, and optional block2206, which shows providing an auditory indication that the body portionhas been in the position longer than a threshold duration.

FIG. 22 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.19. Block 1806 shows executing an action to reduce the risk of inducingthe repetitive stress injury and includes optional block 2000 that showsreporting the determination of the risk of inducing the repetitivestrain injury to reduce the risk. Block 2000 includes optional blocks2300, 2302, 2304, and 2306. Block 2300 shows reporting at least one ofan actuation of an effector configured to execute the action, a detectedmovement of the body portion, or a detected physiological condition.Block 2302 shows providing a warning of a risk of a biomechanicallydetrimental positioning of the body portion. Block 2304 shows providingan instruction to move the body portion. Block 2306 shows communicatingthe determination to a remote location and includes optional block 2308,which shows interacting with a program stored on the computer system,and optional block 2310, which shows modifying a program stored on thecomputer system.

FIG. 23 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.17. Block 1808 shows executing an action to reduce the risk of inducingthe repetitive stress injury and includes optional block 2400 that showsstimulating a nerve proximate to the body portion. Block 2400 includesoptional block 2402 that shows inducing at least one of a movement or asensation of the body portion by stimulating the nerve conduction of thenerve proximate to the body portion. Block 2402 includes optional block2404 that shows inducing at least one of a movement or a sensation ofthe body portion by stimulating a nerve conduction of the nerve after athreshold period of time during which the body portion is retained in aparticular position.

FIG. 24 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.17. Block 1808 shows executing an action to reduce the risk of inducingthe repetitive stress injury and includes optional block 2500 that showselectrically blocking a nerve conduction of a nerve proximate to thebody portion. Block 2500 includes optional block 2502, which showselectrically blocking a nerve conduction of a nerve proximate to thebody portion to inhibit a pain receptor, and optional block 2504, whichshows electrically blocking a nerve conduction of a nerve proximate tothe body portion to inhibit a movement of the body portion.

FIG. 25 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.17. Block 1802 shows detecting, via an epidermal electronic system(EES), at least one of a position and a movement of a body portion andincludes optional blocks 2600, 2602, 2604, 2606, 2608, and 2610. Block2600 shows measuring, via an epidermal electronic system (EES), arepeated motion of the body portion. Block 2602 shows measuring, via anepidermal electronic system (EES), a number of repetitions of themovement of the body portion. Block 2604 shows measuring, via anepidermal electronic system (EES), a speed of the movement of the bodyportion. Block 2606 shows measuring, via an epidermal electronic system(EES), a duration of the movement of the body portion. Block 2608 showsmeasuring, via an epidermal electronic system (EES), a disposition ofthe body portion relative to a second body portion. Block 2610 showsmeasuring, via an epidermal electronic system (EES), an angle ofmovement of the body portion.

FIG. 26 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.17 and includes optional block 2700, which shows detecting, via anepidermal electronic system (EES), a physiological parameter of the bodyportion, and optional block 2702, which shows generating one or moresense signals based on detection of the physiological parameter of thebody portion.

FIG. 27 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.26. Block 2700 shows detecting, via an epidermal electronic system(EES), a physiological parameter of the body portion and includesoptional blocks 2800, 2802, 2804, 2806, and 2808. Block 2800 showsdetecting a temperature of the body portion. Block 2802 shows detectinga strain of the body portion. Block 2804 shows detecting a blood flow ofthe body portion. Block 2806 shows detecting a blood oxygenation levelof the body portion. Block 2808 shows detecting an electrical activityof the body portion.

FIG. 28 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.17 and includes optional block 2900, which shows detecting, via anepidermal electronic system (EES), a disposition of the body portion.Block 2900 includes optional block 2902, which shows detecting, via anepidermal electronic system (EES), an angle of a joint proximate thebody portion, and optional block 2904, which shows detecting, via anepidermal electronic system (EES), a disposition of the body portionover a period of time.

FIG. 29 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.17 and includes optional block 3000, which shows detecting, via anepidermal electronic system (EES), a device interfacing with at leastone of the body portion and another body portion, and optional block3002, which shows transmitting a communication signal to the device.Block 3002 includes optional block 3004 that shows transmitting the oneor more sense signals generated based on detection of at least one ofthe position and the movement of the body portion to the device.

FIG. 30 depicts further aspects of the method 1800 illustrated in FIG.17 and includes optional block 3100, which shows detecting, via anepidermal electronic system (EES), at least one of a position and amovement of a second body portion proximate the body portion.

Systems, devices, and methods are also described for monitoring andtreating pain and related disorders. Pain can be attributed to numerousphysiological and neurological conditions and can be experienced by anindividual subject according to a variety of pain states. In anembodiment, a pain state includes a pain type, a pain level, a painquality, or combinations thereof. For example, the pain states caninclude a pain-free state, an onset of pain, a pain pattern, chronicpain, acute pain, mixed pain state, a hyperalgesic pain state, anallodynic pain state, a breakthrough pain state, a neuropathic painstate, a nociceptive pain state, a non-nociceptive pain state,combinations thereof, or the like. Pain types can include, for example,nociceptive pain (e.g., due to mechanical, thermal, and/or chemicalinteractions), somatic pain, neuropathic pain, visceral pain,superficial pain, and psychogenic pain, where various pain types can beexperienced according to particularized biological systems or locations(e.g., musculoskeletal, neuropathic, etc.) or can be nonlocalized. Forexample, pain types can include spontaneous pain (e.g., occurring in theabsence of stimuli), evoked pain (e.g., occurring in response tostimuli), continuous pain, or intermittent pain. For example, painlevels can include intensity, severity, or magnitude of pain. Painquality can include, but is not limited to, intensity, sharpness,dullness, burning, cold, tenderness, itch, cramping, radiating,tingling, throbbing, aching, tiring, deepness, shocking or electrical,stinging, etc., and combinations thereof. Assessment tools to evaluate apain state can, for example, include instruments or combinations ofinstruments and related software designed to monitor physiologicalresponses including chemical changes, biopotentials, muscle activation,and changes thereof. Assessment tools to evaluate a pain state can, forexample, include instruments or combinations of instruments (e.g.,motion sensor(s), physiological sensor(s), or combinations thereof) andrelated software designed to monitor autonomic responses as describedherein. Assessment tools to evaluate a pain state, for example, caninclude subjective tools such as the Pain Quality Assessment Scale andthe McGill Pain Questionnaire. In an embodiment, the subjective toolscan provide the system 1000 with data associated with a baseline orcomparative pain level, which in turn can serve as a threshold painlevel or other comparative pain indicator.

Pain is prevalent in human and animal populations. As but a fewexamples, a majority of the human population (60% to 85%) is reported toexperience back pain of muscular origin at some point in their lifetime,pain evoked by myofascial trigger points is experienced by approximately30% of the population, approximately 50 million Americans experiencearthritis (such as osteoarthritis or inflammatory arthritis), whereas atleast 30% of patients with moderate chronic pain and more than 50% ofpatients with severe chronic pain fail to achieve adequate pain relief.As such, pain represents a common factor for individuals seekingphysician treatment, etc. The costs associated with traditionaltreatment of pain and the lack of treatment of pain (e.g., lost wages,disability, medical facility costs, etc.) have a large impact on societyas a whole. For instance, it is reported that the total economic impactfor arthritis alone in 2003 was $128 billion, based on lost wages due todisability and other indirect costs. In addition, pain and movement areintrinsically inter-related. Movement is known to be related to cause,effect, prevention, and therapy of pain and its disorders. The systems,devices, and methods described herein generate sense signals from one ormore physiological sensors and motion sensors positioned proximate abody portion of a subject to provide indicators of a physiological state(e.g., a pain state) of the individual subject. In an embodiment, thesystems and methods described herein may be used to monitor and treatpain experienced by an individual subject via the generation of sensesignals from one or more physiological sensors and motion sensorsconfigured to monitor one or more physiological parameters of theindividual subject and one or more movements or positions of a bodyportion of the individual subject and to provide an effect to the bodyportion through action of one or more effectors. For example, thesystems, devices, and methods can employ an ultrasound transducer as theeffector to affect the individual subject, such as to treat the painassociated with movement of the body portion, pain associated with thephysiological parameter, or combinations thereof.

In embodiments, movement of the body portion can be indicative of painexperienced by the individual. For example, the conscious or unconsciousfear that a motion will induce pain can alter the motion of a bodyportion, indicating acute or chronic pain. For example, physiologicaladaptation to acute pain or chronic pain can cause short-term orlong-term changes in motor function of a body portion (e.g., increasedor inhibited muscle activation), and as such can be indicative of pain.Alterations in movement of a body portion can present, for example, aspronounced minimalization of motion or agitation of affecting a bodysite (e.g., a muscle) a guarding motion, an awkward gait, a limp,redistribution of activity or stress, modifications in loading,pronounced use of non-dominant limb, reduced force output, lack of useof a body portion, respiratory dysfunction, splinting, etc. For example,conscious or unconscious coping mechanisms (e.g., grimacing, pronouncedrubbing or massage of a body portion, etc.) can be indicative of pain.For example, involuntary responses (e.g., reflex, spasm, etc.) can beindicative of pain. In embodiments, movement of the body portion of theindividual can be a source of, a cause of, or induce or worsen pain,and, as such, a particular movement can be determined to be associatedwith the pain. For example, a certain motion can be repeatedlyassociated temporally with an increase in pain (e.g., as indicated bychanges in autonomic responses, measured by chemical sensors,electrophysiological sensors, biopotential sensors, etc. or bysubjective reporting). In embodiments, movement of the body portion ofthe individual can be a preventative treatment or therapeutic treatmentof pain. For example, lack of movement or repetition of a movement canbe indicative of an increased risk for pain, while sensed and recordedmotions indicative of appropriate therapeutic or preventative movementscan be indicative of a decreased risk for pain. In an embodiment, musclefatigue can be associated with, can induce, or can be an indicator ofmuscle pain.

In an embodiment, the motion of the body portion can provide anindication as to when treatment by the effector can be employed orshould be employed. For example, the systems, devices, and methods mayemploy the effector to provide treatment to the individual subject whenthe body portion is undergoing motion determined (e.g., previously orsimultaneously) to be associated with an increase in pain, e.g., as apalliative treatment. For example, the systems, devices, and methods mayemploy the effector to provide treatment to the individual subject whenthere has been a lack of motion in the body portion of the individualsubject or the individual subject has been at rest for a time periodabove a threshold time period. Treatment of the individual subject toinduce movement can be a preventative measure (e.g., to induce movementto prevent onset of arthralgia, myalgia, or pressure sores). Forexample, the systems, devices, and methods may employ the effector toprovide treatment to the individual subject when the individual subjectis at rest (e.g., not currently undergoing substantial movement, such asexercising, walking, signing, etc.). Treatment of the individual subjectduring a rest state can provide a convenient and non-interruptivemechanism to treat pain (e.g., chronic or long-term pain) experienced bythe individual subject.

In an embodiment, the systems and methods described herein employ one ormore physiological sensors to monitor one or more physiologicalconditions of a subject and to generate a sense signal in responsethereto. The physiological sensors can include, but are not limited to,an electrophysiological sensor, an electrocardiograph, anelectrooculograph, a microneurograph, a myograph, an electromyograph(e.g., a surface electromyograph), an acoustic myography sensor, amechanomyography sensor, an accelerometer myography sensor, a strainsensor, a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, an optical sensor(e.g., an LED, a pulse oximeter, etc.), a near infrared sensor, a skinconductance sensor, a bioimpedance sensor, a pH sensor, an acousticsensor, a chemical sensor.

In an embodiment, the systems and methods described herein employ one ormore motion sensors to monitor a movement or position of a body portionof an individual subject and to generate a sense signal in responsethereto. The motion sensors can include, but are not limited to, anorientation sensor, an accelerometer, a proximity sensor (e.g., aninfrared sensor, an optical sensor, etc.), a force sensor, a pressuresensor, sensors configured to measure a repeated motion of a bodyportion, sensors configured to measure a number of repetitions of amovement of a body portion, sensors configured to measure a speed of amovement of a body portion, sensors configured to measure a duration ofmovement of a body portion, sensors configured to measure a dispositionof a body portion relative to a second body portion, and sensorsconfigured to measure an angle of movement of a body portion. The motionof the body portion can be indicative of pain experienced by theindividual, can be indicative of risk of pain, can be indicative of asource of pain, can provide an indication as to when treatment can beemployed, or combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the systems and methods described herein employ one ormore effectors to affect a body portion responsive to processing ofsense signals generated by the sensor assembly. For example, the one ormore effectors can include one or more ultrasound transducers,including, but not limited to, an array of ultrasound transducers, anultrasound transducer configured to generate low intensity ultrasoundsignals, an ultrasound transducer configured to generate high intensityfocused ultrasound signals, an ultrasound transducer configured togenerate ultrasound signals as low dose, high frequency ultrasoundsignals, an ultrasound transducer configured to generate ultrasoundsignals on a pulsed basis, an ultrasound transducer configured togenerate ultrasound signals on a continuous basis, an ultrasoundtransducer configured to generate ultrasound signals according to aplurality of treatment patterns, an ultrasound transducer configured togenerate ultrasound signals according to a plurality of ultrasoundfrequencies, ultrasound transducers configured for placement ondifferent locations on the body portion of the individual subject. Theone or more effectors can include, but are not limited to, an electrode,a magnetic stimulator, an optical stimulator (e.g., an opticalstimulator configured to generate infrared light, an optical stimulatorconfigured to generate low-intensity, pulsed infrared light, etc., andcombinations thereof), a thermal stimulator, and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, referring generally to FIGS. 9-14 and 31-36, thesystem 1000 (or pain therapy device) is configured for monitoring andtreating pain experienced by an individual subject. The system 1000includes the substrate 1002, the sensor assembly 1004, the processor1006, and the effector 1008 for placement on the individual subject tomonitor the individual subject for indications of pain and for treatingthe pain through action of the effector 1008. In an embodiment, thesystem 1000 includes epidermal electronic systems (EES) or devicesincorporating epidermal electronics to monitor physiological,positional, and movement conditions for monitoring, preventing, andtreating pain experienced by the individual subject. The substrate 1002is configured to conform to a contour of a body portion of an individualsubject (e.g., the curvature of a limb), to interface with a skinsurface of the body portion, or combinations thereof. For example, thesubstrate 1002 can comprise a deformable (e.g., conformable, flexible,stretchable, etc.) material configured to interface with, and conformto, the body portion, including, but not limited to a skin surface ofthe body portion. The body portion is shown in FIG. 10 as a wrist 1100,however the system 100 can be positioned on any body portion, includingbut not limited to, an arm, an elbow, a wrist, a hand, a finger, a leg,a hip, a knee, an ankle, a foot, a toe, a facial region, a head region(e.g., proximate one or more cranial muscles of the face or head), anear region (e.g., via an ear clip configuration, on the ear lobe, pinna,or concha), a neck region, a torso region, a spinal portion, asacroiliac joint, one or more myofascial trigger points, or the like, ora skin portion thereof. The pliable nature of the substrate 1002 (e.g.,flexibility and stretchability) facilitates interaction/interfacing withthe body portion, which includes a generally low-modulus and deformablenatural skin surface. In an embodiment, the substrate 1002 can includeone or more of a stretchable/flexible fabric, paper, or polymer (e.g., anatural or synthetic elastomeric polymer, polyimide, polyvinyl, anorganic polymer such as PDMS, xylylene, parylene, an inorganic polymer,a biopolymer, a composite material, or any combination thereof), a film(e.g., a hydrocolloid film), a membrane (e.g., a nanomembrane, such as asilicon nanomembrane), a gas-permeable elastomeric sheet, or otherdeformable (e.g., stretchable, flexible, pliable) material. Thesubstrate 1002 can be positioned in proximity with the skin surfaceaccording to various mechanisms including, but not limited to, affixedto the skin via an adhesive material, held in place by an externalpressure, such as pressure provided by a material wrapped around orabout a body portion (e.g., a fabric, a garment, a glove, a bandage,etc.), affixed in a textile, fabric, garment, accessory (e.g., a glove,a sock, a finger cot, etc.), or so forth.

In an embodiment, the system 1000 includes at least one flexible orstretchable electronic component. For example, at least one of thesensor assembly 1004 (e.g., motion sensor 1010, physiological sensor1012, etc. as described herein), the processor (and associatedcircuitry) 1006, or the effector 1008 can include or be formed offlexible or stretchable electronics coupled to the substrate 1002. Forexample, interconnects (not illustrated) between these components orwithin the circuitry can include or be formed of flexible or stretchableelectronics (e.g., serpentine conducting tracings allowing forstretchable interconnects) and coupled to the substrate 1002. Forexample, a power source (e.g., power supply 1200 described herein), caninclude or be formed of flexible or stretchable electronics and becoupled to the substrate 1002. In an embodiment, the at least oneflexible or stretchable electronic component includes at least one of awavy, bent, mesh (e.g., open mesh), buckled, or serpentine geometry. Inan embodiment, the at least one flexible or stretchable electroniccomponent includes at least one nanowire, at least one nanoribbon, or atleast one nanomembrane. For example, the system 1000 can include one ormore multifunctional electronic units comprising a stretchable/flexiblesystem including a sensor assembly (e.g., sensor assembly 1004),effector (e.g., effector 1008), and power source (e.g., power supply1200) in communication via associated circuitry (e.g., with processor1006), including interconnects, residing in or on a deformable substrate(e.g., substrate 1002).

In an embodiment, the system 1000 can include at least one ultrathinelectronic component. For example, an ultrathin (e.g., less than 20micrometers) electronic component can include a thinned wafer (e.g.,thinned silicon wafer bonded to a polymer substrate), an ultrathin chip,or the like. For example, ultrathin circuitry can include conductivelayers formed on a deformable substrate (e.g., substrate 1002) such asparylene by evaporation deposition with ultraviolet (UV) lithography andetching. For example, at least one of the sensory assembly 1004, theprocessor 1006, or the effector 1008 can include ultrathin electronics.

In an embodiment, the system 1000 can include at least one electricallyconductive thread, yarn, or textile. For example, the sensory assembly1004, the processor 1006, or the effector 1008 can include at least oneelectrically conductive thread or yarn. Electrically conductive threads,yarns, or textiles can be configured to provide sufficient current toinduce at least one of a wired or wireless coupling, e.g., betweenelectronic components. For example, electronically conductive threads,yarns, or textiles may form the processor 1006 (or circuitry thereof) orother circuitry configured to function in communication between one ormore sensor assemblies 1006, one or more effectors 108, or othercircuitry of the system 1000. For example, electronically conductivethreads, yarns, or textiles may form at least a portion of circuitryconfigured to function in communication between a plurality ofmultifunctional electronic units each comprising one or more sensorassemblies 1006, one or more effectors 1008, and processor 1006.Electrically conductive fibers, threads, and yarns can include ametallic material, semi-metallic material, semi-insulative material,semi-conductive material (e.g., silicon and a gallium arsenide), ortransparent conductive material (e.g., an indium-tin-oxide (ITO)material). Electrical threads or yarns can be embedded in textiles usingweaving, knitting or embroidery, for example, or can be attached usingnonwoven production techniques such as adhesion. For example,electrically conductive yarns having curved configuration can beattached to an elastic textile (e.g., by sewing or by adhesion) and canform all or part of a sensor assembly 1004 that measures one or morephysical characteristics of an individual, e.g., as the curvedconfiguration is altered, such as due to particular skin topography orthe like.

The sensor assembly 1004 is coupled to the substrate 1002 and includesthe motion sensor 1010 and the physiological sensor 1012. The sensorassembly 1004 is configured to generate one or more sense signals basedon detection of a movement of the body portion by the motion sensor 1010and upon detection of a physiological parameter of the body portion bythe physiological sensor 1012. The one or more sense signals can beassociated with one or more movements of the body portion, one or morephysiological parameters of the body portion, or combinations thereof.In an embodiment, shown in FIG. 31, the motion sensor 1010 includes oneor more of an orientation sensor 3200 (e.g., cells 120 described withreference to FIGS. 1A through 8), an accelerometer (e.g., accelerometer1400), and a proximity sensor (e.g., proximity sensor 1402) to detect amovement of a body portion and generate a sense signal in responsethereto. For example, the orientation sensor 3200 can include one ormore of a single-axis accelerometer, a pair of oppositely alignedsingle-axis accelerometers, an antenna configured to measure a fieldsource, a range sensor, a multi-axis accelerometer, a gyroscope, aninclinometer, or combinations thereof, as described herein, to measure amovement of the body portion based on an orientation or change oforientation of the body portion. The proximity sensor 1402 can includeone or more of an infrared sensor (e.g., infrared sensor 1404) and anoptical sensor (e.g., optical sensor 1406). In an embodiment, theproximity sensor is configured to sense a second body portion proximatethe body portion on which the system 1000 is positioned. For example,the system 1000 can be positioned on a wrist of the individual subjectand the motion sensor 1010 can include a proximity sensor configured todetect one or more of a presence, a position, an angle, and a movementof another body portion proximate the wrist, such as a hand, a palm, anarm, a finger, a shoulder, and so forth. In an embodiment, the proximitysensor 1402 is configured to sense a device interfacing with anotherportion of the skin surface or with another body portion. For example,the system 1000 can be positioned on a body portion of the individualsubject and a second system 1000 is positioned proximate the bodyportion or on another body portion, where the proximity sensor of themotion sensor 1010 of the system 1000 can sense one or more of apresence, a position, an angle, and a movement of the second system1000. In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010 includes a pressuresensor, which can be an individual sensor, or incorporated as acomponent of one or more of the orientation sensor 3200 or the proximitysensor 1402. The pressure sensor can provide an indication (e.g., viasense signals) regarding whether an individual, or a body portionthereof, has been idle for a period of time that exceeds a thresholdduration, which in turn can provide an indicator for operation of theeffector 1008. For example, treatment of the individual subject toinduce movement can be a preventative measure (e.g., to induce movementto prevent onset of arthralgia, myalgia, or pressure sores).

The motion sensor 1010 is configured to detect one or more of a movementof a body portion and a position of the body portion. The movement ofthe body portion, the position of the body portion, or combinationsthereof can be indicative of a pain state of the individual subject. Forexample, the conscious or unconscious fear that a motion will inducepain can alter the motion of a body portion, indicating acute or chronicpain. For example, physiological adaptation to acute pain or chronicpain can cause short-term or long-term changes in motor function of abody portion (e.g., increased or inhibited muscle activation), and assuch can be indicative of pain. Alterations in movement of a bodyportion can present, for example, as pronounced minimalization of motionor agitation of affecting a body site (e.g., a muscle) a guardingmotion, an awkward gait, a limp, redistribution of activity or stress,modifications in loading, pronounced use of non-dominant limb, reducedforce output, lack of use of a body portion, respiratory dysfunction,splinting, etc. For example, conscious or unconscious coping mechanisms(e.g., grimacing, pronounced rubbing or massage of a body portion, etc.)can be indicative of pain. For example, involuntary responses (e.g.,reflex, spasm, etc.) can be indicative of pain. In embodiments, movementof the body portion of the individual can be a source of, a cause of, orinduce or worsen pain, and, as such, a particular movement can bedetermined to be associated with the pain. The movement of the bodyportion, the position of the body portion, or combinations thereof canbe indicative of a risk of increased pain experienced by the individualsubject, for example, when the movement has been determined to betemporally associated with pain (e.g., as indicated by changes inautonomic responses) or when a movement (e.g., a lack of movement) orrepetition of movement indicates a risk of pain. Detection of thesemovements can facilitate determination by the processor 1006 of aphysiological state of the individual subject, which can aid indetermining whether to treat the individual subject through action ofthe effector 1008. Further, the motion of the body portion can providean indication as to when treatment by the effector 1008 can be employed.For example, the processor 1006 can instruct the effector 1008 (e.g.,via one or more control signals, such as electric control signals) toprovide treatment to the individual subject when the individual subjectis at rest (e.g., not currently undergoing substantial movement, such asexercising, walking, signing, etc.). For example, the processor 1006 caninstruct the effector 1008 to provide treatment to the individualsubject when the body portion is undergoing motion determined (e.g.,previously or simultaneously) to be associated with an increase in pain,e.g., as a palliative treatment. For example, the processor 1006 caninstruct the effector 1008 to provide treatment to the individualsubject when there has been a lack of motion in the body portion of theindividual subject or the individual subject has been at rest for a timeperiod above a threshold time period. Treatment of the individualsubject to induce movement can be a preventative measure (e.g., toinduce movement to prevent onset of arthralgia, myalgia, or pressuresores).

The body portion can be the portion with which the system 1000interfaces or can be a portion proximate the portion with which thesystem 1000 interfaces. In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010generates a sense signal based on a repeated motion of the body portion.For example, the system 1000 can be positioned on a wrist of a subjectand the motion sensor 1010 measures a repeated flexing or bending of thewrist, such as during movement of the hand or one or more fingers. In anembodiment, the motion sensor 1010 measures a number of repetitions of amovement of a body portion. For example, the system 1000 can bepositioned on a finger of a subject and the motion sensor 1010 measuresthe number of repetitions that the particular finger is flexed or bent.Measuring the number of repetitions can include, but is not limited to,measuring that zero repetitions have occurred, measuring a finite numberof repetitions, measuring the number of repetitions taken over aspecified time period, and determining that the number of repetitionsexceeds a threshold number (e.g., a threshold at which a subject is atrisk for pain). The measurement of the number of repetitions can befacilitated by, for example, one or more of a counter 3202 or a timer3204 present in the motion sensor 1010, in the processor 1006, orcombinations thereof. In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010 measuresa speed of a movement of a body portion. For example, the system 1000can be positioned on an ankle of a subject and the motion sensor 1010measures the speed of movement of the ankle, such as one or more of aspeed of movement during a flexing of the ankle during a walking motion,a speed of movement relative to a ground surface during a walkingmotion, or other movement. In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010measures a duration of a movement of a body portion. The duration caninclude one or more of a total duration of movement within a period oftime (e.g., duration encompassing multiple repetitions of movement) anda total duration of movement for a single repetition of movement. Thetimer 3204 can facilitate such duration measurements. For example, thesystem 1000 can be positioned on a cheek or proximate a facial muscle ofthe individual subject, and the motion sensor 1010 measures the durationof a contraction of the cheek or facial muscle (e.g., such as toindicate a grimace or other pain-related movement of the body portion).The period of time over which the movement is measured can include, butis not limited to, seconds (e.g., 10 seconds, 30 seconds), a minute, 20minutes, 30 minutes, an hour, a portion of a day during which a subjectis awake and active, a portion of a day during which a subject is asleepor otherwise inactive, a day, or longer duration. In an embodiment, thesensor assembly 1004 is configured to measure the disposition of thebody portion over a period of time. For example, the sensor assembly1004 may measure a disposition of the body portion over time while thebody portion is one or more of at rest, in motion, and held in aposition that is not a rest position (e.g., tensed). In an embodiment,the motion sensor 1010 measures a disposition of a body portion on whichthe system 1000 is positioned relative to a second body portion during amovement of one or more of the body portion and the second body portion.For example, the system 1000 can be positioned on a phalange of asubject and the motion sensor 1010 measures a disposition of thephalange relative to a wrist or ankle of the subject during motion ofthe phalange or wrist/ankle. In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010measures an angle of movement of a body portion. For example, the system1000 can be positioned on an arm of a subject and the motion sensor 1010measures an angle of movement of the arm (e.g., relative to the torso,relative to a rest position of the arm, relative to another bodyportion, and so forth). Measurement by the motion sensor 1010 of one ormore of a repeated motion of a body portion, a number of repetitions ofthe movement of the body portion, a speed of the movement of the bodyportion, a duration of the movement of the body portion, a dispositionof the body portion relative to a second body portion, and an angle ofmovement of the body portion provides information that can aid in thedetermination by the system 1000 of whether the subject is experiencingpain or is at risk of experiencing pain (e.g., delayed onset pain orrepetitive injury pain), such as whether the movement is symptomatic ofpain or a causal factor of pain.

In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010 is configured to transmit oneor more sense signals to the processor 1006 indicative of a motion stateof the individual subject, a rest state of the individual subject, or aduration of a rest state of the individual subject. For example, themotion state of the individual subject can indicate that the individualsubject (or body portions thereof) is currently moving, whereas the reststate of the individual subject can indicate that the individual subject(or body portions of thereof) are not moving, or are moving at a rate orbetween orientations that does not exceed a threshold rate. In anembodiment, the processor 1006 determines a rest state of the individualbased on the sense signals from the motion sensor 1010. For example, theprocessor 1006 can compare the sense signals from the motion sensor 1010to reference data indicative of a body portion at rest to determinewhether the body portion of the individual subject is experiencing arest state (e.g., at or under a motion threshold relative to thereference data) or an active state (e.g., exceeding a motion thresholdrelative to the reference data). In an embodiment, the processor 1006 isconfigured to activate the effector 1008 to affect the body portion(e.g., via ultrasound, electric, magnetic, optical, or thermalstimulation, as described further herein) only when the body portion isat rest. For example, the processor 1006 can instruct the effector 1008(e.g., via one or more electric control signals) to activate to affectthe body portion when the sense signals from the motion sensor 1010indicate that the body portion is experiencing a rest state. As anexample, the effector 1008 may operate only when the individual subject,or the particular body portion to treat, is at rest, such as when theindividual subject is asleep, resting on furniture, driving or riding ina vehicle, or the like. As another example, the effector 1008 mayoperate after the individual subject, or the particular body portion totreat, has been at rest, or in the same position, for a period thatexceeds a predetermined length of time. In an embodiment, the processor1006 is configured to activate the effector 1008 to affect the bodyportion responsive to a predetermined amount of movement of the bodyportion. For example, the processor 1006 can instruct the effector 1008(e.g., via one or more electric control signals) to activate to affectthe body portion when the sense signals from the motion sensor 1010indicate that the body portion met or exceeded a predetermined amount ofmovement, such as by exceeding a threshold distance of travel of thebody portion, a threshold period of time of movement of the bodyportion, a threshold orientation of the body portion, or the like. In anembodiment, the processor 1006 is configured to activate the effector1008 to affect the body portion responsive to a predetermined type ofmovement of the body portion. For example, the processor 1006 caninstruct the effector 1008 (e.g., via one or more electric controlsignals) to activate to affect the body portion when the sense signalsfrom the motion sensor 1010 indicate that the body portion experienced aparticular type of movement. For example, the sense signals from themotion sensor 1010 might indicate that the body portion experienced aparticular type of movement, such as a predetermined high velocity ofmovement, a high level of force output, a too-rapid step (e.g.,indicating tripping), a movement in a particular direction (e.g.,indicating a twisting of a joint), or the like, which can indicate anincreased risk of pain. For example, the sense signals from the motionsensor 1010 might indicate pronounced minimalization of motion oragitation affecting a body site (e.g., a muscle), e.g., “guarding”. Forexample, the sense signals from the motion sensor 1010 might indicatethat the body portion experienced a particular type of movement such asexperiencing a predetermined velocity of movement (e.g., the individualsubject is slowing down), a grimace, an awkward gait, a limp, pronounceduse of non-dominant limb, pronounced rubbing or massage of a bodyportion (e.g., repeated or deep massage), or the like, which canindicate a level of discomfort or pain experienced by the individualsubject. Such occurrences can serve as an indicator to the processor1006 that the effector 1008 should be activated.

The physiological sensor 1012 is configured to detect one or morephysiological parameters of the individual subject on which the system1000 is positioned, where such physiological parameters can provide anindication as to whether the individual subject is experiencing pain, orto what degree the individual subject is experiencing pain. In anembodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 detects a localizedphysiological parameter provided by one or more of a body portion withwhich the system 1000 interfaces and a body portion proximate theportion with which the system 1000 interfaces. The physiological sensor1012 can also or instead be configured to detect systemic physiologicalparameters of the subject on which the system 1000 is positioned. In anembodiment, shown in FIG. 32, the physiological sensor 1012 can includean electrophysiological sensor 3300, an electrocardiograph 3302, anelectrooculograph 3304, a microneurograph 3306, a myograph 3308, anelectromyograph (EMG) 3310, a surface electromyograph 3312, an acousticmyography sensor 3314, a mechanomyography sensor 3316, an accelerometermyography sensor 3318, a strain sensor 3320, a temperature sensor 3322,an optical sensor 3324, a light emitting diode (LED) 3326, an oximeter3328, a near infrared sensor 3330, a skin conductance sensor 3332, abioimpedance sensor 3334, a pH sensor 3336, an acoustic sensor 3338, achemical sensor 3340, a pressure sensor 3342, or combinations thereof.For example, the physiological sensor 1012 can include a plurality ofsensors, such as a plurality of a single sensor type or a combination ofdifferent sensor types, arranged in an array or otherwisecommunicatively coupled (e.g., via one or more leads and/or wirelesscoupling, such as between sensor locations).

The electrophysiological sensor 3300 can generate one or more sensesignals based upon detection of a physiological parameter of the bodyportion, for example, by detecting one or more electrical propertiesassociated with biological cells or tissues, and can include one or moreof an electroencephalograph (EEG) (e.g., for measuring electricalactivity of the brain), an amplified sensor electrode that incorporatessilicon metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs),the electrocardiograph (ECG) 3302 (e.g., for cardiac electrical activitymeasurements), the electrooculograph (EOG) 3304 (e.g., for ocularelectrical activity measurements), the electromyograph (EMG) 3310 (e.g.,for measuring electrical activity of muscle), the surface EMG 3312(e.g., a noninvasive type of EMG), the microneurograph 3306 (e.g., forelectrical activity measurements in nerve fibers), the skin conductancesensor 3332, the bioimpedance sensor 3334, or the like. For example, anelectrophysiological sensor such as an EEG, ECG, EOG, or EMG (e.g.,surface EMG) can include one or more capacitive sensors or silicon metaloxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). For capacitivesensing, the electrophysiological sensor 3300 can include a measurementelectrode, a reference electrode capacitively coupled with themeasurement electrode, and a ground electrode, whereby displacementcurrents induced in the electrodes provide data associated with ECG,EMG, EOC, etc. In an embodiment, one or more of the electrodes includesa filamentary serpentine mesh structure insulated from the skin surfaceof the individual, such as with an insulating layer having highpermittivity, stretchability, and adhesion (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane).For example, an electrophysiological sensor such as an ECG can includeone or more dry electrodes or a conducting polymer comprising adhesivepolymer (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane) mixed with a conducting materialsuch as silver microspheres, silver nanowires, or carbon structures(e.g., including carbon nanostructures). For example, the EOG 3304 canbe a skin-resident device configured to detect activity in musclescontrolling eye and eyelid movement. For example, a surface EMG caninclude a piezoelectric thin film sensor. In an embodiment, theelectrophysiological sensor 3300 can be an array of electrophysiologicalsensors. In an embodiment, the electrophysiological sensor 3300 measuresa muscle activity of a body portion on which the system 1000, such asduring a movement of the body portion, during lack of movement, orcombinations thereof. For example, the system 1000 can be positioned ona phalange of a subject and the electrophysiological sensor 3300 (e.g.,EMG 3310) measures a muscle activity of the phalange during motion orlack of motion of the phalange or wrist/ankle.

The myograph 3308 can generate one or more sense signals based upondetection of a physiological parameter of the body portion, for exampleby detecting one or more properties associated with one or more muscles,and can include one or more of the EMG 3310, the surface EMG 3312, theacoustic myography sensor 3314 (e.g., for measuring sound in musclemovement), the mechanomyography sensor 3316 (e.g., for measuringoscillations in muscle contraction), the accelerometer myography sensor3318, or the like. For example, the mechanomyography sensor 3316 caninclude as a detector a condenser microphone, accelerometer, laser-basedinstrument, and the like. For example, the acoustic myographic sensor3314 can include an acoustic transducer. For example, the acousticmyographic sensor 3314 can include an acoustic sensor having amicrophone.

In an embodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 includeselectrophysiological sensor 3300 (e.g., EEG, ECG 3302), EOG 3304,microneurograph 3306, EMG 3310, surface EMG 3312, acoustic myographysensor 3314, mechanomyography sensor 3316, accelerometer myographysensor 3318, etc.) configured to measure a bioelectrical signal, whereinthe bioelectrical signal can be indicative of a pain state of theindividual subject. In an embodiment, the electrophysiological sensor3300 includes an EMG for detecting a bioelectrical signal in a muscle asa localized or systemic indicator of pain. For example, a surface EMG(e.g., surface EMG 3312) positioned on the zygomaticus muscle of thesubject's face can detect the bioelectrical signals of the muscle whenit contracts as the subject feels pain somewhere in the body, e.g.,during a grimace or jaw clenching. For example, a surface EMG positionedon a trazpezius muscle can measure high bioelectrical activity, which isan indication of a high stress level associated with experiencing pain.For example, a surface EMG positioned on a biceps muscle can measurebioelectric activity indicating over use and fatigue associated withpain or the risk of pain. For example, a surface EMG positioned on amuscle during repetitive work can measure bioelectric activityindicative of repetitive injury stress and related pain or risk of pain.For example, a surface EMG positioned on a muscle during exercise candetect bioelectric signal indicative of a sustained muscle contraction(e.g., a muscle spasm or cramp) with associated pain. For example, asurface EMG (e.g., surface EMG 3312) positioned on one or more facialmuscles or one or more neck muscles can detect muscle movementassociated with audible or nonaudible speech (e.g., pain-relatedvocalizing). In an embodiment, the electrophysiological sensor 3300includes an EMG for detecting a bioelectrical signal in a musclepositioned relative to a second body portion during a movement of one ormore of the body portion and the second body portion. For example, thesystem 1000 can be positioned on a wrist of the individual subject andthe electrophysiological sensor 3300 can include an electromyograph (notshown) configured to detect movement in one or more fingers.

In an embodiment, the sensor assembly 1004 includes theelectrophysiological sensor 3300, microneurograph 3306, or myograph 3308configured to distinctly measure electrical activity mediated by A delta(Aδ) nerve fibers (e.g., indicative of sharp, localized pain). In anembodiment, the sensor assembly 1004 includes the electrophysiologicalsensor 3300, microneurograph 3306, or myograph 3308 configured todistinctly measure electrical activity mediated by C nerve fibers (e.g.,indicative of diffuse pain, such as that associated with inflammation).In an embodiment, the electrophysiological sensor 3300, microneurograph3306, or myograph 3308 is configured to measure electrical activitymediated by A delta (Aδ) fibers and C fibers, where the one or moresense signals from the sensor assembly 1004 are transmitted to theprocessor 1006 only when the one of the A delta (Aδ) fibers or the Cfibers are inactive when the other of the A delta (Aδ) fibers or the Cfibers are active. Alternatively, the sensor assembly 1004 can transmitthe one or more sense signals when each of the A delta (Aδ) fibers and Cfibers are active, whereby the processor 1006 is configured to disregardportions of the sense signals corresponding to one of the A delta (Aδ)fibers or the C fibers.

In an embodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 includes a myograph(e.g., EMG 3310, surface EMG 3312, acoustic myography sensor 3314,mechanomyography sensor 3316, the accelerometer myography sensor 3318,etc.) configured to measure a signal (e.g., an acoustic signal or amechanical signal) associated with a muscle contraction, wherein thesignal associated with a muscle contraction can be indicative of a painstate of the individual subject. For example, the acoustic myographysensor 3314 can measure sound waves arising from muscle fibercontractions to assess muscle activity to determine when a muscle ormuscle group is being misused, leading to pain and injury.

The strain sensor 3320 can include, but is not limited to, one or moreof a metallic stack strain sensor, a silicon nanomembrane strain sensor,a piezoresistor strain sensor, a bonded metallic strain sensor, awave-structured strain sensor, an open-mesh structured strain sensor, aninterlocked metallic-coated nanofiber strain sensor, or the like. In anembodiment, the strain sensor is configured to measure a physiologicalcharacteristic of the body portion including, but not limited to,inflammation, swelling, or the like. The metallic stack strain sensorcan include a first metallic material positioned on a second metallicmaterial, where differences between electrical resistivity between thefirst metallic material and the second metallic material experiencedduring flexing or bending of the materials while mounted to a surface ofinterest can provide an indication of strain experienced by the surface.For example, in an embodiment, the metallic stack strain sensor includesa titanium/gold stack (Ti/Au) stack with a thickness of 10 nanometers oftitanium per 60 nanometers of gold. The Ti/Au stack can provide anelectrical resistance of between about 305 ohms and 330 ohms for astrain percentage of between about 0.5% and 3.0%, which can be used toassociate the change in electrical resistance of the stack to a strainexperienced by the the body portion.

The silicon nanomembrane strain sensor can include a thin strip ofsilicon to provide a thin crystalline semiconductor strip, where changesin the relative resistance of the silicon nanomembrane experiencedduring flexing or bending of the silicon while mounted to a surface ofinterest can provide an indication of strain experienced by the surface.For example, in an embodiment, the silicon nanomembrane strain sensorincludes a silicon nanomembrane having a thickness from about 100 nm toabout 400 nm, a width from about 10 μm to about 100 μm, and a lengthfrom about 100 μm to about 1000 μm. Multiple strips of siliconnanomembrane can be utilized to monitor strain associated with the bodyportion along differing axes, such as by employing a siliconnanomembrane along a longitudinal axis of the body portion and employinga silicon nanomembrane along a transverse axis of the body portion(e.g., the longest dimension of the silicon nanomembrane being parallelto the respective axis). For example, the silicon nanomembranes can bearranged in an array.

The piezoresistor strain sensor can include a material that generateselectricity upon deformation. In an embodiment, the piezoresistor strainsensor includes strip of material (e.g., a silicon nanomembrane,semiconducting material, metallic material, etc.) that tapers near amidpoint of the material (e.g., to provide a “dog-bone” shapedstructure) that provides a change in electrical resistance uponexperiencing mechanical strain (e.g., bending, flexing, etc.). Forexample, the piezoresistor strain sensor can include a tapered siliconnanomembrane coupled to the body portion to associate the generatedelectricity of the silicon nanomembrane to a strain experienced by thebody portion. In an embodiment, the piezoresistor strain sensor includesa nanoribbon of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) coupled between gold andplatinum electrodes, where the nanoribbon generates electricity upondeformation. For example, in an embodiment, the piezoresistor strainsensor includes a lead zirconate titanate nanoribbon coupled to the bodyportion to associate the generated electricity of the nanoribbon to astrain experienced by the body portion.

The bonded metallic strain sensor can include a metallic materialarranged in a grid on a substrate. The metallic material can bestructured as a fine wire or foil. In an embodiment, at least a portionof the grid is affixed directly to the body portion. The grid canexhibit a linear change in electrical resistance upon experiencingmechanical strain (e.g., bending, flexing, etc.) For example, in anembodiment, the bonded metallic strain sensor is applied to the bodyportion to associate the change in electrical resistance of the metallicgrid to a strain experienced by the body portion.

The wave-structured strain sensor can include a relatively brittlewave-structured material (e.g., single-crystalline silicon) bonded on anelastic support material. In an embodiment, the wave-structured materialincludes a substantially planar base layer to mechanically couple to theelastic support material in a substantially continuous manner. In anembodiment, the wave-structured material mechanically couples to elasticsupport material at discontinuous bonding portions (e.g., at a “valley”of a wave). The wave-structured material can be micro-scale ornano-scale structures (e.g., ribbons, membranes, wires, etc.), whereamplitudes and wavelengths of the wave-structure material can change inresponse to mechanical strains. For example, in an embodiment, thewave-structured strain sensor is applied to the body portion toassociate the change in electrical resistance of the wave-structuredmaterial to a strain experienced by the body portion.

The open-mesh structured strain sensor includes an open-mesh materialhaving mesh connections at bridging elements, which can provide in-planerotations of the mesh material(s) upon experiencing mechanical strain(e.g., bending, flexing, etc.). Tensile strains can be applied to endsof the open-mesh material to cause in-plane rotations at the bridgingelements, which can alter a shape of the openings within the mesh (e.g.,transitioning between open squares and open rhombuses). For example,strains applied in a direction not aligned to connecting bridges of theopen-mesh material can lead to rotation of the connecting bridges aboutthe connection points, providing a stretchable strain sensor. In anembodiment, the open-mesh structured strain sensor is applied to thebody portion to associate the change in electrical resistance of theopen-mesh material to a strain experienced by the body portion.

The interlocked metallic-coated nanofiber strain sensor can includeinterlocked arrays of metallic-coated nanofibers, each array supportedby a substrate material to providing differing levels of interconnectionand electric resistance between the arrays when external strains areapplied. For example, the interlocked metallic-coated nanofiber strainsensor can include two arrays of high-aspect-ratio platinum-coatedpolymeric nanofibers each supported on a thin polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) substrate, where when mechanical strain is applied, the degree ofinterconnection of the nanofibers and the electrical resistance of thesensor changes in a reversible, directional manner. In an embodiment,the interlocked metallic-coated nanofiber strain sensor is applied tothe body portion to associate the change in electrical resistance of thearrays to a strain experienced by the body portion.

In an embodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 includes the temperaturesensor 3322. For example, the temperature sensor 3322 can include, butis not limited to, a single point temperature sensor, a spatial imagingtemperature sensor, and a microscale temperature sensor configured as amicroscale heating element or actuator, such as one or more microscaletemperature sensors incorporating thin serpentine features of thin metalor PIN diodes with nanoscale membranes. For example, temperature sensorscomprising thermal and/or optical sensors can detect increased tissuetemperatures (e.g., in muscle or adjacent skin) associated with delayedonset muscle soreness (DOMS) (sometimes referred to as exercise-inducedmuscle damage), e.g., within the first 24 hours post-exercise.

In an embodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 includes the acousticsensor 3338 configured to measure one or more acoustical signatures of aphysiological event. For example, the acoustic sensor 3338 can includeat least one microphone or acoustic transducer. For example, theacoustic sensor 3338 can be configured to detect an articular noise(e.g., creaking or popping) in an arthritic joint experiencing painassociated with movement. For example, the acoustic sensor 3338 caninclude an acoustic sensor (e.g., acoustic myographic sensor 3314)configured to detect musculoskeletal acoustic signature. For example,the acoustic sensor 3338 can be configured to detect a vocal event(e.g., a groan, vocalization, or speech), such as a vocal eventindicative of pain. For example, the acoustic sensor 3338 can beconfigured to detect an acoustic signature of a physiological eventindicative of an autonomic response, e.g., a heartbeat, valve closure,blood flow, respiration, etc.

In an embodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 includes the opticalsensor 3324 configured to measure an optical characteristic of a bodyportion on which the system 1000 is positioned. In an embodiment, theoptical sensor 3324 is configured to measure a blood flow characteristicassociated with the body portion. In an embodiment, the optical sensor3324 is configured to measure a temperature characteristic associatedwith the body portion. In an embodiment, the optical sensor 3324 isconfigured to measure a pressure, strain, or deformation characteristicassociated with the body portion (e.g., in swollen tissue). In anembodiment, the optical sensor 3324 is configured to measure a heartrate or respiratory rate. In an embodiment, the optical sensor 3324 isconfigured to measure at least one of transmitted light or reflectedlight. For example, the optical sensor 3324 can include, but is notlimited to, a photodiode, a light-emitting diode (LED) (e.g.,light-emitting diode 3326), an LED coordinated with a photosensor (e.g.,photodetector), a fiber optic sensor (e.g., fiber optic strand, fiberBragg Grating sensors, fluoroptic sensors, etc.), a flexible photonicsensor, an oximeter 3328 (e.g., pulse oximeter, near-infrared oximeter,etc.), an imaging device, such as a camera, or combinations thereof. Thefiber optic sensor can include intrinsic fiber optic sensors (e.g., thefiber optic sensor represents the sensing element) and extrinsic fiberoptic sensors (e.g., conveyor of light whose characteristics areaffected or modulated by the measurand to be received by a separatedetector) and can provide measurement of physical parameters such as,but not limited to, temperature, force, torque, strain, position, andthe like. In an embodiment, the fiber optic sensor is configured formeasurement of one or more of cardiac tissue or respiratory tissue, suchas for sensing of temperature, strain, deformation (e.g., swelling) ofthe respective tissue, which can serve as an indicator for pain. Forexample, the fiber optic sensor (e.g., single fiber optic line, multiplefiber optic lines in parallel, multiple fiber optic lines in matrix,spiral, honeycomb or other configuration, etc., or combinations thereof)can be supported relative to the body portion, such as via a textile,tape, or ribbon, whereby light emitted from the fiber optics can becollected by a controller as reflections or transmissions (e.g., fromthe body portion, from the textile, etc.) for determination of the lightcharacteristics thereof (e.g., wavelength, intensity, etc.). Comparisonbetween such characteristics at different time periods can provide anindication as to a change in the physiological state of the bodyportion, such as via a temperature change, a strain, tissue deformation,or the like. In an embodiment, the optical sensor 3324 includes one ormore optoelectronics to generate one or more sense signals based onmeasurement or sensing of one or more physical characteristics of theindividual subject. For example, the optoelectronics can include, butare not limited to, one or more polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs),one or more organic photodetectors (OPDs), or combinations thereof. Inan embodiment, the optoelectronics include a plurality of polymerlight-emitting diodes (PLEDs) configured to emit light of differingwavelengths (e.g., green, red, blue, etc.), which in combination withone or more organic photodetectors (e.g., having an active layer ofpoly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):(6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester(PCBM)) are arranged as an ultraflexible reflective pulse oximeter.

In an embodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 includes the nearinfrared sensor 3300 configured to measure a physiologicalcharacteristic of the body portion such as, but not limited to, tissueoxygenation, a blood analyte, such as oxygen, carbon monoxide,methemoglobin, total hemoglobin, glucose, a protein, or a lipid, or tomeasure brain activity (prefrontal cortex activity associated withnociception). For example, hypoxemia in muscle, detectable by NIRoximetry, is associated with activation of nerve receptors and increasedpain. For example, the physiological sensor 1012 can measure oxygenationin an earlobe, such as by configuring the substrate 1002 to wrap aroundthe earlobe or other portion of the ear, whereby the physiologicalsensor can measure oxygenation via transmittance. For example, decreasedblood flow in skin resulting in hypoxemia or ischemia as detected by theoximeter 3328 can be an indication of or associated with pain or a riskof pain, e.g., from pressure sores. In an embodiment, the pressuresensor 3342 is configured to sense one or more of swelling or rigor ofthe body portion, which can be associated with pain. For example, atleast one of the physiological sensor 1012 or the processor 1006includes circuitry configured to determine a risk of ischemia for thebody portion, such as through a comparison of the one or more sensesignals (e.g., from pressure sensor 3342 or other physiological sensor)to reference data indicative of ischemic risk factors. For example, atleast one of the physiological sensor 1012 or the processor 1006includes circuitry configured to determine a risk of prolonged pressureexerted on the body portion, such as through a comparison of the one ormore sense signals (e.g., from pressure sensor 3342 or otherphysiological sensor) to reference data indicative of pressure-basedrisk factors. In an embodiment, the pressure sensor 3342 can stimulatethe body portion with one or more of pressure (e.g., via a mechanicalprobe) or electrical signal (e.g., via electrode operation) to measure atenderness or rigidity of the body portion, which can be associated withpain.

In an embodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 is configured to detectchanges in one or more physiological parameters indicative of autonomicnervous system responses, including, but not limited to changes inbiopotentials, electrophysiological signals, heart rate, heart ratevariability, arterial blood pressure, plethysmograph wave amplitude,skin conductance level, number of skin conductance fluctuations andtheir time derivatives, etc. Changes in the autonomic nervous system,including changes in biopotentials and electrophysiological signals, canbe indicators of the presence of pain. For example, ECG 3302 can beconfigured to measure heart rate variability; a reduction of the heartrate variability power in the high frequency band (i.e., 0.15-0.4 Hz)can be indicative of pain onset. For example, the oximeter 3328 (e.g., apulse oximeter or photo-plethysmograph) can be configured to assessvasoconstriction; a reduction in the photo-plethysmographic waveformamplitude caused by peripheral vasoconstriction and detectable by theoximeter 3328 can be indicative of pain. For example, skin conductancesensor 3320 can be configured to detect changes in skin conductance;changes in electro-galvanic skin properties, which can be measured bychanges in the level and number of skin conductance fluctuations, can beindicative of the presence of pain. For example surface EMG 3312 can beconfigured to detect changes in the bioelectric signal in the corrugatormuscle; changes in muscle tone, which are directed by the autonomicnervous system, can be indicative of the presence of pain.

In an embodiment, one or more of the sensor assembly 1004 or theprocessor 1006 can be configured to extract information from thedetected signal, e.g., a detected electrophysiological signal, such asto process, analyze, receive, or transmit a subset of the totalinformation included in the detected signal. For example, ECG 3302 cancapture an electrophysiological signal from the heart and the signalincludes features such as heart rate, interbeat interval, and heart ratevariability that can be independently assessed; e.g., a reduction of theheart rate variability can be indicative of pain onset. For example, EMG3312 can capture a signal from the corrugator muscle, and the signalincludes such features as amplitudes, frequency, etc. that can beindependently assessed; e.g., changes in the amplitude and entropy of anEMG signal can be indicative of the presence of pain.

In an embodiment, one or more physiological sensors 1012 are configuredto combine two or more physiological parameters (e.g., autonomicresponse parameters) and provide a single multi-parameter sense signal.In an embodiment one or more physiological sensors 1012 are configuredto provide signals on two or more physiological parameters to theprocessor 1006 and the processor 1006 combines the information into asingle multi-parameter signal. In an embodiment, the system 1000 isconfigured to assess a multi-parameter composite of autonomic signals todetermine an indication of the presence of pain. In an embodiment, thephysiological sensor 1012 is configured to detect changes in one or morephysiological parameters indicative of responses in the autonomicnervous system for use in quantifying a pain state. For example,quantifiable changes in biopotentials and electrophysiological signalscan be indicators of pain intensity. For example, higher skinconductance levels, as measured by skin conductance sensor 3320, can beindicative of high intensity pain.

In an embodiment, the physiological sensor 1012 includes the chemicalsensor 3340 configured to measure an analyte, where such analyte can beindicative of a pain state of the individual subject. In an embodiment,the chemical sensor 3340 can include a sensor for detecting an analytein sweat. For example, the chemical sensor 3340 can include a sensor fordetecting increased levels in sweat of a saccharide such as glucose, ofa salt such as lactate or glutamate. For example, the chemical sensor3340 can include a sensor for detecting a hormone (e.g., cortisol oradrenaline). For example, the chemical sensor 3340 can include a sensorfor detecting inflammatory mediators (e.g., a prostaglandin (e.g.,PGE2), bradykinin, serotonin, adenosine triphosphate, pyruvate, etc.) ora pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1α, IL-β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-8). Forexample, the chemical sensor 3340 can include a sensor for detecting achange in pH. For example, the chemical sensor 3340 can include a sensorfor detecting an ion or electrolyte (e.g., hydrogen, sodium, potassium,chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, etc.). In an embodiment, thechemical sensor 3340 includes a multiplexed sweat sensor arrayfabricated on a mechanically flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET)substrate. The multiplexed sweat sensor array can include anamperometric glucose sensor, an amperometric lactate sensor, orcombinations thereof, which can include glucose oxidase and lactateoxidase immobilized within a permeable film (e.g., a film ofpolysaccharide chitosan) with a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl)electrode to facilitate a reference electrode and counter electrode forthe amperometric glucose sensor, the amperometric lactate sensor, orcombinations thereof. The sensors can generate current signalsproportional to the abundance of the metabolites (e.g., glucose,lactate, etc.) between the working electrode and the silver/silverchloride reference electrode. The multiplexed sweat sensor array canadditionally or alternatively include ion-selective electrodes (e.g.,for determination of sodium and potassium levels) with a referenceelectrode, which can include a polyvinyl butyral (PVB)-coated electrode.The multiplexed sweat sensor array can additionally or alternativelyinclude a temperature sensor, including but not limited to aresistance-based temperature sensor (e.g., a chromium/gold (Cr/Au)microwires supported by an insulating layer, such as a parylene layer).In an embodiment, the chemical sensor 3340 includes a graphene-basedsweat sensor having a serpentine bilayer of gold mesh and gold-dopedgraphene (e.g., gold-doped graphene fabrication through chemical vapordeposition (CVD)). The graphene-based sweat can also include awater-proof film (e.g., a silicone layer), a humidity sensor (e.g., apoly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene electrode), a glucose sensor (e.g., aPrussian blue charge-based transfer sensor), a pH sensor (e.g.,polyaniline), a counter electrode (e.g., Ag/AgCl), a tremor sensor(e.g., graphene), a sweat uptake layer (e.g., a Nafion layer), orcombinations thereof. For example, the chemical sensor 3340 can includea sensor for detecting in sweat a protein (e.g., of a pro-inflammatorycytokine, inflammatory mediator, hormone, etc.) or peptide thereof. Inan embodiment, the chemical sensor 3340 can include a transdermal sensorfor sensing an analyte in tissue fluids (e.g., blood). For example, thechemical sensor 3340 can include a sensor configured for reverseiontophoresis (e.g., reverse iontophoretic extraction) to draw ananalyte (e.g., glucose) from an interstitial space without puncturingthe skin. For example, the chemical sensor 3340 can include microneedlesto access a tissue space.

The chemical sensor 3340 can facilitate determination of a pain state ofthe individual subject. For example, changes in levels of physiologicalchemicals have been associated with increased muscle use or the presenceof a pain condition. For instance, increases in lactate levels or inglucose levels (e.g., in response to released hormones), measureable insweat or bodily tissues (e.g., interstitial tissues), have beenassociated with increased muscle use or the presence of pain. Forexample, increased levels of one or more hormones (e.g., cortisol,pregnenolone, DHEA, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), a catcholamine(e.g., adrenaline or noradrenaline) testosterone, progesterone,estrogen, thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), triiodothyronine (T3),thyroxine (T4),) released in response to pain are measurable in sweat orother bodily fluids. For example, neuropeptides (e.g., neuropeptide Y,substance P and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP)) or otherneurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate), which are released in response topain are measurable in sweat or other bodily fluids. For example, pain(e.g., tenderness, allodynia, and hyperalgesia) is associated withsensitization of muscle nociceptors by endogenous mediators such asbradykinin and PGE2 released during movement or exercise. For example,increases or imbalances in levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), andelectrolytes, as well as low pH generally can be associated withincreased pain experienced by the individual subject; ATP and hydrogenions are irritants that activate nerve endings by binding to receptormolecules, and pathological and pathophysiological changes of skeletalmuscle are accompanied by a drop in pH. For example, increased tissuemetabolism during exercise leads to decreased oxygen levels (detectableby oximetry), causing a drop in pH and accumulation of hydrogen atoms(detectable as above), which in turn can activate nerve endings toinduce pain. For example, muscle spasm (persistent, involuntary musclecontraction) is accompanied by muscle ischemia, which leads to a drop inpH and the release of pain-producing substances such as bradykinin, ATP,and hydrogen ions. For example, an alteration in the levels of anelectrolyte might be associated with an ion channel (e.g., TransientReceptor Potential family members) in the activation of nociceptivereceptors.

In an embodiment, the chemical sensor 3340 includes an electrochemicalsensor. For example, the electrochemical sensor can include, but is notlimited to, an amperometric enzymatic electrode, which utilizes glucoseoxidase to detect glucose or lactate oxidase to detect lactate, or oneor more ion-selective electrodes (e.g., potentiometric), which candetect electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium) and can be utilized for pHmonitoring. In an embodiment, the electrochemical sensor utilizesreverse iontophoresis. For example, the electrochemical can include apair of reverse iontophoresis electrodes (e.g., Ag/AgCl), a referenceelectrode (Ag/AgCl), and a working electrode (e.g., Prussian Blue) thatcan be modified for selective amperometric biosensing (e.g., treatedwith glucose oxidase). In an embodiment, the electrochemical sensorincludes a ligand, such as an aptamer. For example, a goldnanoparticle/aptamer-modified electrode can be used to detect a protein.In an embodiment, the chemical sensor 3340 includes microfluidic fluidtransport, such as through microfluid channels (e.g., formed in or bythe substrate 1002 or other supporting substrate). For example, themicrofluid channels can transport an analyte of interest from the bodyportion to a detector positioned on the substrate 1002, or forcontainment by the system 1000 for subsequent remote analysis. Inembodiments, the system 1000 can include one or more of a dolorimeter oralgesiometer. For example, the physiological sensor 1012 can include oneor more of a dolorimeter or algesiometer to provide indications as topain experienced by the individual subject (e.g., as a result ofoperation of the dolorimeter or algesiometer, in comparison to painexperienced independent of the operation of the dolorimeter oralgesiometer, or the like).

The processor 1006 is configured to receive one or more sense signals(e.g., from the sensor assembly 1004) associated with one or more ofdetection of the movement of the body portion by the motion detector1010, or detection of one or more physiological parameters of theindividual subject on which the system 100 is positioned by thephysiological sensor 1012, and provide analysis of the one or more sensesignals. For example, the processor 1006 includes circuitry configuredto identify a physiological state (e.g., a pain state) of the individualsubject based on analysis of the one or more sense signals. In anembodiment, the processor 1006 includes circuitry configured to identifya physiological state (e.g., a pain state) of the individual subjectbased on the movement of the body portion detected by the motion sensor1010. In an embodiment, the processor 1006 includes circuitry configuredto identify a physiological state (e.g., a pain state) of the individualsubject based on the one or more physiological parameters detected bythe one or more physiological sensor 1012. In an embodiment, theprocessor 1006 includes circuitry configured to identify a physiologicalstate (e.g., a pain state) of the individual subject based on each ofthe movement of the body portion detected by the motion sensor 1010 andthe one or more physiological parameters detected by the physiologicalsensor 1012. For example, in an embodiment, the processor 1006 isoperably coupled to the sensor assembly 1004 such that the processor1006 is configured to receive the one or more sense signals from one ormore of the motion detector 1010 or the physiological sensor 1012.

In an embodiment, shown in FIG. 12, the system 1000 includes acomparison module 1300 accessible by the processor 1006 to compare oneor more of the movement of the body portion, detected by the motionsensor 1010 of the sensor assembly 1004, or the one or morephysiological parameters of the body portion, detected by the one ormore physiological sensors 1012 of the sensor assembly 1004, toreference data indicative of a physiological state. In an embodiment,the physiological state includes at least one of a pain state, a paintype, a pain level, or a pain quality. For example, the reference datacan include one or more of motion data or physiological parameter data,where such data can be associated with, but not limited to, a painstate, such as a pain-free state, an onset of pain, a pain pattern,chronic pain, acute pain, mixed pain state, a hyperalgesic pain state,an allodynic pain state, a breakthrough pain state, a neuropathic painstate, a nociceptive pain state, a non-nociceptive pain state,combinations thereof, or the like. For example, the reference data caninclude one or more of motion reference data indicative of short-term orlong-term changes in motor function of a body portion (e.g., increasedor inhibited muscle activation as a result of physiological adaptationto acute pain or chronic pain), a guarding motion, a grimace, an awkwardgait, a limp, redistribution of activity or stress, modifications inloading, pronounced use of non-dominant limb, pronounced minimalizationof motion or agitation of affecting a body site (e.g., a muscle),pronounced rubbing or massage of a body portion (e.g., repeated or deepmassage), reduced force output, lack of use of a body portion,respiratory dysfunction, splinting, involuntary responses (e.g., reflex,spasm, etc.), or the like, or combinations thereof, or physiologicalreference data including, but not limited to, heart rate (includingchanges in heart rate or heart rate variation indicative of pain), bloodpressure (including changes in blood pressure indicative of pain),electrophysiological data (including, but not limited to, electricalactivity of the heart, electrical activity of the eye (e.g.,corneo-retinal standing potential, pupil diameter, etc.)), nerveimpulses, muscular-skeletal pressure forces or electrical activity(including, but not limited to, electric potential generated by musclecells, muscular-skeletal acoustic or mechanical properties (e.g.,vibrations), etc.), strain data (e.g., associated with muscle),temperature (including changes in temperature indicative of pain), bloodoxygenation data (including changes in blood oxygenation indicative ofpain), skin conductance data (including changes in skin conductanceindicative of pain), bioimpedance data (including changes inbioimpedance indicative of pain), pH data (including changes in pHindicative of pain), or chemical data (including changes inconcentrations of chemical analytes indicative of pain) including butnot limited to, analytes of sweat, analytes of tissue, a saccharide(e.g., glucose), a salt (e.g., sodium chloride), lactate, an electrolyte(e.g., sodium, chloride, potassium, etc.), a hormone (e.g., cortisol,adrenaline, pregnenolone, DHEA, testosterone, progesterone, estrogen,triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4)), a neuropeptide (e.g.,neuropeptide Y, substance P and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP)),a peptide, a protein, or a nucleotide or modified nucleotide (e.g.,adenosine triphosphate), an inflammatory mediator (e.g., a prostaglandin(e.g., PGE2), bradykinin, serotonin, adenosine triphosphate, pyruvate,etc.), a pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1α, IL-β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-8), orother motion or physiological factor provided herein. In an embodiment,the reference data can include one or more of motion data orphysiological parameter data associated with pain types, where such datacan be associated with, but not limited to, nociceptive pain (e.g., dueto mechanical, thermal, and/or chemical interactions), somatic pain,neuropathic pain, visceral pain, superficial pain, and psychogenic pain.In an embodiment, the reference data can include one or more of motiondata or physiological parameter data associated with pain levels, wheresuch data can be associated with, but not limited to, pain intensity,pain severity, or magnitude of pain. In an embodiment, the referencedata can include one or more of motion data or physiological parameterdata associated with pain quality or pain quantity, where such data canbe associated with, but not limited to, a subjective characteristic ofthe pain (e.g., a subjective pain threshold or tolerance threshold),such as those identified by the individual subject. Pain types can alsoinclude spontaneous pain (e.g., occurring in the absence of stimuli),evoked pain (e.g., occurring in response to stimuli), continuous pain,or intermittent pain. In an embodiment, the motion sensor 1010, thephysiological sensor 1012, or combinations thereof, can include astimulator for evaluating evoked responses from the individual subject.For example, the stimulator can include an electrical stimulator, athermal stimulator, an optical stimulator, or the like. Pain types canalso include cephalalgia or headache, which can include, but are notlimited to, tension headaches, cervicogenic headaches, migraines, orcombinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the reference data can include user-specific thresholdor tolerance information. For example, the individual can indicate tothe system 1000 (e.g., via user interface 3600 described herein) whenthe individual feels pain. The system 1000 can then take a snapshot ofone or more of the individual's physiological state, motion state,positional state, etc. to set a threshold pain level, to link aphysiological or motion parameter to pain experienced by the individual,or the like, which can serve as a comparator to autonomic parametersexperienced by the individual. The system 1000 can monitor theindividual and receive additional individual input regarding whether thepain intensifies, dissipates, differs in type, location, chronology,etc.

In an embodiment, the processor 1006 is configured to activate theeffector 1008 to affect the body portion responsive to the physiologicalstate corresponding to a pain state experienced by the individualsubject. For example, the system 1000 can identify (via the processor1006, the sensor assembly 1004, or combinations thereof) a physiologicalstate of the individual subject, where a physiological statecorresponding to a particular pain state is used as a trigger for theprocessor 1006 to activate the effector 1008 to treat the body portion.For example, the processor 1006 can compare the physiological state toreference data indicative of a trigger condition to activate theeffector 1008, where such trigger condition can be a specified painstate, including but not limited to, a pain-free state, an onset ofpain, a pain pattern, chronic pain, acute pain, mixed pain state, ahyperalgesic pain state, an allodynic pain state, a breakthrough painstate, a neuropathic pain state, a nociceptive pain state, anon-nociceptive pain state, combinations thereof. In an embodiment, theprocessor 1006 is configured to activate the effector 1008 responsive tothe physiological state corresponding to a pain level experienced by theindividual subject, a pain type experienced by the individual subject, apain quality experienced by the individual subject, or combinationsthereof. For example, the processor 1006 can compare the physiologicalstate to reference data indicative of a trigger condition to activatethe effector 1008, where such trigger condition can be a specified painlevel, pain type, or pain quality, including but not limited tonociceptive pain (e.g., due to mechanical, thermal, and/or chemicalinteractions), somatic pain, neuropathic pain, visceral pain,superficial pain, psychogenic pain, pain intensity, pain severity,magnitude of pain, myofascial pain syndrome or condition, sharpness,dullness, burning, cold, tenderness, itch, cramping, radiating,tingling, throbbing, aching, tiring, deepness, shocking or electrical,stinging, or combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the processor 1006is configured to activate the effector 1008 to affect the body portionresponsive to information from the physiological sensor 1012 regardingthe location of the pain on the body portion. For example, the processor1006 can activate the effector 1008 responsive to information from oneor more EMG 3310 or surface EMG 3312 to determine activation in aspecific muscle, e.g., a muscle known anatomically or historically toinduce a regional pain. For example, the processor 1006 can activate theeffector 1008 responsive to information from a subset of two or more EMG3310 or surface EMG 3312 sensors indicative of which muscle isexperiencing pain.

In an embodiment, the processor 1006 accesses one or more of thecomparison module or the reference data by accessing computer memory1302 which can include, but is not limited to, random-access memory(RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmableread-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, or other memory technology,CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD), or other optical disk storage,magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage, or othermagnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to storethe desired information maintained by the comparison module 1300 ormemory manager and which can be accessed by the processor 1006 or otherassociated accessing device.

The processor 1006 includes components to process the one or more sensesignals from the sensor assembly 104 and to provide instruction to oneor more components of the system 1000, such as the effector 1008. Forexample, the processor 1006 can include a microprocessor, a centralprocessing unit (CPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), anapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmablegate entry (FPGA), or the like, or any combinations thereof, and caninclude discrete digital or analog circuit elements or electronics, orcombinations thereof. In an embodiment, the processor 1006 includes oneor more ASICs having a plurality of predefined logic components. In anembodiment, the processor 1006 includes one or more FPGAs having aplurality of programmable logic commands. The computer memory device canbe integrated with the system 1000, can be associated with an externaldevice and accessible by the system 1000 through wireless or wiredcommunication protocols, or a combination thereof. For example, thereference data can be stored by the computer memory 1302 coupled to thesubstrate 1002 of the system 1000, can be accessible by the processor1006 via wireless means, can be available to the processor 1006 throughanother method, such as through a remote network, a cloud network, andso forth, or combinations thereof. In an embodiment, shown in FIG. 33,the processor 1006 includes, or is operably coupled to, a receiver 3400or transceiver 3402 (e.g., antenna, etc.), or combinations thereof, toreceive the reference data information or other information (e.g.,correspondence threshold information, programming information) tofacilitate operation or control of the system 1000 through wireless orwired communication protocols. For example, the receiver 3400 canreceive one or more communication signals from an external device 3406associated with but not limited to, control programming, reference data,a query (e.g., a query to transmit information from the system 1000 tothe external device 3406, a query to determine a motion state of theindividual subject, a query to determine a current physiological state(e.g., pain state) of the individual subject, etc.), or combinationsthereof. In embodiments, the processor 1006 can additionally oralternatively include a transmitter 3404 or transceiver 3402 (e.g.,antenna, etc.) to send information amongst components of the system 1000or to components external the system, such as to communicate with theexternal device 3406. Such communication can include, for example,indications that the processor 1006 is accessing one or more databasesor memory devices storing reference or programming data, computationalprotocols, system updates, or the like. The external device 3406 caninclude one or more of a receiver 3408, a transceiver 3410, or atransmitter 3412 to facilitate communications with the components of thesystem 1000. For example, the external device 3406 can include but isnot limited to, a communication device or electronic equipment, such asone or more of a mobile communication device or a computer systemincluding, but not limited to, one or more mobile computing devices(e.g., hand-held portable computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs),laptop computers, netbook computers, tablet computers, or so forth),mobile telephone devices (e.g., cellular telephones and smartphones),devices that include functionalities associated with smartphones andtablet computers (e.g., phablets), wearable or portable devices (e.g.,including sensors positioned on the same body portion as system 1000,sensors positioned on different body portions than system 1000, sensorspositioned remotely from the individual subject, sensors positioned ondifferent individual subjects, etc.), portable game devices, portablemedia players, multimedia devices, augmented or virtual reality (VR)systems (e.g., VR headsets, VR immersive experience systems, etc.)satellite navigation devices (e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS)navigation devices), e-book reader devices (eReaders), Smart Television(TV) devices, surface computing devices (e.g., table top computers),Personal Computer (PC) devices, and other devices that employtouch-based human interfaces. The system 1000 and the external device3406 can communicate respective each other (e.g., send and receivecommunication signals) via the receivers 3400, 3408, the transceivers3402, 3410, and the transmitters 3404, 3412, such as through one or moreconnected and wireless communication mechanisms including, but notlimited to acoustic communication signals, optical communicationsignals, radio communication signals, infrared communication signals,ultrasonic communication signals, and the like. In an embodiment, thesystem 1000 can utilize communications from the external device 3406 asan operational indicator (e.g., when to engage the effector 1008, whento begin sensing via the sensor assembly 1004, etc.).

The processor 1006 can coordinate operations of the system 1000 based onthe one or more sense signals and identification of a physiologicalstate (e.g., pain state) of the individual subject based on the one ormore sense signals. For example, the processor can coordinate operationof the effector 1008 based upon identification of the physiologicalstate (e.g., pain state) of the individual subject and conditionsexperienced by the individual subject (e.g., rest state, motion state,etc.). The effector 1008 is operably coupled to the processor 1006 andis configured to a body portion of the individual subject responsive tocontrol by the processor 1006. In an embodiment, shown in FIG. 34, theeffector can include, but is not limited to, an ultrasound transducer3500, an electrode 3502, a magnetic stimulator 3504, an opticalstimulator 3506, a thermal stimulator 3508, an acoustic stimulator 3510,a mechanical stimulator 3512, a vibration stimulator 3514, orcombinations thereof.

The ultrasound transducer 3500 generates ultrasound waves (or signals)directed toward the body portion of the individual subject, such as fortherapeutic treatment of the body portion. In an embodiment, theeffector 1008 includes an array of ultrasound transducers. For example,the effector 1008 can include a first ultrasound transducer configuredfor placement on a first location on the body portion of the individualsubject and a second ultrasound transducer configured for placement on asecond location on the body portion of the individual subject. The arrayof ultrasound transducers can provide localized treatment based ondiffering locations of the transducers, based on differing patterns ofultrasound waves generated by the ultrasound transducers, or the like.In an embodiment, the ultrasound transducer 3500 is configured togenerate low intensity ultrasound waves (e.g., low intensity therapeuticultrasound (LITUS); low intensity, long duration ultrasound therapy).For example, the ultrasound transducer 3500 can generate ultrasoundwaves from about 30 to about 1000 mW/cm², where such low intensity canbe applied to the body portion of the individual subject for up to abouteight hours. As another example, the ultrasound transducer 3500 caninclude a diverging-wave transducer that operates from about 2.5 toabout 3 MHz with about 0.03 to about 2 W/cm² ultrasound intensity forless than about 18 hours of treatment. In an embodiment, the lowintensity ultrasound waves correspond to a spatial temporal averageintensity of about 90 mW/cm² at the transducer face, where a one-hourtreatment provides about 1795 J of ultrasonic energy to the bodyportion, and where a six-hour treatment provides about 9596 J ofultrasonic energy to the body portion. In general, greater acousticenergy deposition can provide better clinical outcomes, where it hasbeen found that deposition of an average of 4228 J per treatment sessionprovided clinically significant outcomes, whereas deposition of anaverage of 2019 J did not provide statistically or clinicallysignificant differences from a control or sham treatment. In anembodiment, the ultrasound transducer 3500 includes a power controllerand two ultrasound transducers, having 3 MHz frequency, 0.132 W/cm²intensity per transducer providing a cumulative ultrasound energydeposition of about 18720 J for a four-hour treatment session. In anembodiment, the ultrasound transducer 3500 includes a divergent lens toscatter the ultrasound waves to a divergent acoustic treatment field. Inan embodiment, the ultrasound transducer 3500 is configured to generatehigh intensity focused ultrasound waves (e.g., HIFU). For example, theultrasound transducer 3500 can generate the high intensity focusedultrasound waves at about 2.5 to about 3 MHz at about 1900 to about 2810W/cm² for a duration from about 3 to about 15 seconds. In an embodiment,the high intensity focused ultrasound waves can provide a nerveconduction block. At intensity levels greater than about 1000 W/cm², atreatment can lead to localized coagulative necrosis and structuraldisruption in tissue, such that a focused treatment area of the HIFUultrasound transducer 3500 can confine the biological effects to aparticular, targeted region of the body portion for treatment (e.g., toprovide a nerve conduction block, etc.). In an embodiment, the focusedtreatment area is about 1 mm×10 mm. In an embodiment, the effector 1008includes an imaging device to facilitate targeting of the targetedregion of the body portion. The imaging device can include, for example,an ultrasound imaging transducer with a broadband frequency of about 5to about 10 MHz to provide a hyperechoic region at the focus of theultrasound transducer 3500 during synchronous operation with theultrasound imaging transducer, which can facilitate viewing of thetarget region via a bright or light region. In an embodiment, theultrasound transducer 3500 is configured to generate low dose, highfrequency ultrasound. For example, the ultrasound transducer 3500 cangenerate low dose, high frequency ultrasound between about 0.5 to about3 W/cm² at about 1 MHz frequency with a pulsed pattern of about 1:4. Inan embodiment, the treatment duration for low dose, high frequencyultrasound includes a five minute treatment per day, for about 20sessions. In an embodiment, the ultrasound transducer 3500 is operatedat a frequency of about 8 MHz at about 0.15 W/cm² for a period of about15 seconds, with a duty cycle of about 0.01% and a target region of theposterior frontal cortex. In an embodiment, the ultrasound transducer3500 is operated at a frequency of about 0.5 MHz at about 5.9 W/cm² fora period of about 500 milliseconds, with a duty cycle of about 36% and atarget region of the primary somatosensory cortex S1. In an embodiment,the ultrasound transducer 3500 is operated at a frequency of about 0.25MHz at about 0.3 to about 2.5 W/cm² for a period of about 300milliseconds, with a duty cycle of about 50% and a target region of theprimary somatosensory cortex S1. In an embodiment, the ultrasoundtransducer 3500 is configured to generate ultrasound signals on a pulsedbasis, a continuous basis, or combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the ultrasound transducer 3500 is configured togenerate ultrasound signals according to at least a first treatmentpattern and a second treatment pattern. The treatment pattern can relateto a spatial pattern (e.g., varying the location of the treatment,varying the depth of treatment, etc.), a timing pattern, an intensitypattern, or the like. For example, in an embodiment, the processor 1006directs the ultrasound transducer 3500 to alternate generation of theultrasound signals according to the first treatment pattern and thesecond treatment pattern on a dynamic basis. In an embodiment, the firsttreatment pattern differs from the second treatment pattern according toat least one of a target site of the body portion of the individualsubject (e.g., a site on the body or limb, such as a position on theskin surface) or a target depth of the body portion of the individualsubject. In an embodiment, the ultrasound transducer 3500 generatesultrasound signals according to a plurality of ultrasound frequencies,where the frequency can be tuned or adjusted responsive to control bythe processor 1006 or internal ultrasound transducer controller. In anembodiment, the effector 1008 includes a first ultrasound transducer3500 configured for placement on a first location on the body portion ofthe individual subject and a second ultrasound transducer 3500configured for placement on a second location on the body portion of theindividual subject. For example, the first ultrasound transducer 3500and the second ultrasound transducer 3500 can be spaced apart relativeto each other (e.g., on different body portions, on different regions ofthe same body portion, on opposing sides of the same body portion,etc.), where the transducers can receive different sourced frequenciesto provide treatment to the individual subject.

In an embodiment, the optical stimulator 3506 is configured to generateinfrared light. For example, the optical stimulator 3506 can generatethe infrared light as low-intensity, pulsed infrared light. Inembodiment, the optical stimulator 3506 generates light at about 0.3 toabout 0.4 J/cm², which is about two and a half times less than athreshold at which histological tissue damage can occur (e.g., about 0.8to about 1.0 J/cm²). The optical stimulator 3506 can include a laser tofacilitate treatment, where the laser can include, but is not limitedto, a Holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser (2.12 μm), a free electronlaser (2.1 μm), an alexandrite laser (750 nm), a solid-state laser (1.87μm), or combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the optical stimulator3506 generates light to provide a skin surface temperature increase ofabout 6 to about 10 degrees centigrade (e.g., to provide stimulation ofa peripheral nerve). For example, the processor 1006 can direct theoptical stimulator 3506 to generate light to provide a photothermaleffect from transient tissue heating (e.g., having a temporally andspatially mediated temperature gradient at the axon level of about 3.8to about 6.4 degrees centigrade).

In an embodiment, the effector 1008 and stimulations therefrom (e.g.,vibration stimulation, ultrasound stimulation, mechanical stimulation,optical stimulation, electrical stimulation, etc.) can engageproprioceptors, mechanoreceptors, or light touch receptors; stimulatingsuch nerves can produce sensations to the nervous system that competewith signals from pain receptors (e.g., nociceptors) and therebydecrease pain nerve perception by the individual. In an embodiment, theeffector 1008 and stimulations therefrom can engage body portions in oron the ear (e.g., vagal stimulation). In an embodiment, the effector1008 and stimulations therefrom can engage one or more myofascialtrigger points.

In an embodiment, the processor 1006 is configured to activate theeffector 1008 when the individual subject is in a rest state (e.g.,seated, prone, or the like while sleeping, reading, watching TV or otherelectronic device, etc.). For example, the effector 1008 can include theultrasound transducer 3500 configured for high-power pain thresholdultrasound (HPPTUS) to desensitize latent myofascial trigger points(e.g., pathlogical alteration of muscle fibers that evoke local andreferred pain, and does not elicit spontaneous local pain) for paintherapy. In an embodiment, a plurality of HPPTUS applications areapplied to the body portion in a treatment session (e.g., while theindividual subject is stationary or at rest). For example, the number ofHPPTUS applications can include, but are not limited to, three to tentreatments at the latent myofascial trigger point(s). For example, asingle HPPTUS application can include, but is not limited to,application of ultrasound energy at 1 MHz, 0.5 to 1.2 W/cm², continuouswave for about five minutes.

In an embodiment, shown in FIG. 35, the system 1000 also includes a userinterface 3600. The user interface 3600 can be operably coupled to theprocessor 1006 to facilitate operations of the system 1000. For example,in an embodiment, the processor 1006 is operably coupled to the userinterface 3600 and is configured to generate one or more communicationsignals for display by the user interface 3600. The communicationsignals for display can include, for example, a request for user inputregarding an operation state of the effector 1008. For instance, thesystem 1000 can seek approval or disapproval by a user (e.g., theindividual on which the system 1000 is positioned, a health careprofessional, etc.) to operate certain functionalities of the system,including but not limited to the functionalities of the effector 1008.In an embodiment, the processor 1006 is configured to prevent activationof the effector 1008 responsive to a user command via the user interface3600. For example, the processor 1006 can direct the user interface 3600to display a request for user input regarding whether the effector 1008should activate. The user can select a deny activation command toprevent the effector 1008 from activating at that time. In anembodiment, the processor 1006 is configured to activate the effector1008 responsive to a user command via the user interface 3600. Forexample, the processor 1006 can direct the user interface 3600 todisplay a request for user input regarding whether the effector 1008should activate. The user can select an activate or allow activationcommand to allow the effector 1008 to activate at that time, or toschedule a time or motion state during which the effector 1008 ispermitted to activate. For example, the individual can direct a usercommand via the user interface 3600 to activate the effector 1008 onlyduring a rest period, such as when the individual subject would besleeping or resting. The user interface 3600 can include, but is notlimited to, a graphical user interface (GUI), a touchscreen assembly(e.g., a capacitive touch screen), a liquid crystal display (LCD), alight-emitting diode (LED) display, or projection-based display, orcombinations thereof.

In an embodiment, shown in FIG. 36, the system 1000 includes a timer3700 operably coupled to the effector 1008, the processor 1006, orcombinations thereof. In an embodiment, the processor 1006 is configuredto stop activation of the effector 1008 responsive to a duration oftreatment by the effector. For example, the processor 1006 can access amaximum duration reference time (e.g., stored in memory 1302, orotherwise accessible by the processor 1006), whereby the processor 1006can compare a time of treatment tracked by the timer 3700. When the timeof treatment tracked by the timer 3700 meets the maximum durationreference time, the processor 1006 directs the effector 1008 to ceaseactivation. In an embodiment, the processor 1006 is configured to stopactivation of the effector 1008 responsive to an intensity of treatmentby the effector 1008. For example, the processor 1006 can access amaximum intensity of treatment reference intensity (e.g., stored inmemory 1302, or otherwise accessible by the processor 1006), whereby theprocessor 1006 can compare an intensity of treatment provided byoperation of the effector 1008 (e.g., during a single treatment session,over multiple treatment sessions, etc.), which can depend on the poweroutput of the effector 1008, the duration of treatment by the effector1008, the frequency of treatment by the effector 1008, or the like. Whenthe intensity of treatment determined by the processor 1006 meets themaximum intensity of treatment reference intensity, the processor 1006directs the effector 1008 to cease activation.

In an embodiment, the effector 1008 is configured to affect the bodyportion for treatment of at least one of arthritis (e.g.,osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, etc.),arthralgia, myalgia, neuralgia, enthesitis, myalgia, fibromyalgia,cephalalgia, or traumatic pain. In an embodiment, the effector 1008 isconfigured to affect the body portion with an active treatment. Forexample, the processor 1006 can direct the effector 1008 to affect thebody portion when the individual subject is experiencing a pain state.In an embodiment, the effector 1008 is configured to affect the bodyportion with a preventative treatment. For example, the processor 1006can direct the effector 1008 to affect the body portion prior to theindividual subject experiencing a pain state, when the pain state of theindividual subject is less than a threshold pain state, or to induceindividual subject to move to prevent a pain state. In an embodiment,the effector 1008 is configured to affect the body portion with apalliative treatment.

In an embodiment, the system 1000 is configured to determine or receivean identification of the individual subject on which the system 1000 ispositioned to determine whether to provide or enable certainfunctionalities. For example, the system 1000 can be configured tooperate only for certain authorized individuals, whereby certainfeatures or functionalities are disabled if an unidentified orunauthorized individual attempts to use the system 1000. In anembodiment, the system 1000 is configured to identify the individualsubject on which the system 1000 is positioned, whereby the system 1000permits operation of certain system components upon a positiveidentification of an individual authorized to use the particular system1000. For example, the sensor assembly 1004 can detect physicalcharacteristics of the individual subject on which the system 1000 ispositioned to generate one or more identity sense signals associatedwith the physical characteristic. The physical characteristics caninclude, but are not limited to, skin topography features (e.g., patternof skin surface, follicle pattern, pore pattern, pigmentation, etc.),vascular properties or layouts (e.g., arterial patterns, properties, orlayouts; vein patterns, properties, or layouts; etc.), electric currentpattern (e.g., photovoltaic current pattern), or skin resistivitymeasurement. In an embodiment, the processor 1006 or other systemcomponent compares the identity sense signals to reference dataassociated with individual(s) authorized to use the system 1000. Whenthe identity sense signals have a positive correspondence to thereference data, the system 1000 can permit operation of certain systemfunctionalities including, but not limited to, permitting operation ofthe sensor assembly 1004 for pain monitoring, permitting operation ofthe effector 1008 (e.g., only upon positive association of anindividual, such that the individual becomes authorized to operate thesystem 1000), selecting a particular treatment protocol (e.g., thereference data can include a correspondence between an identity and aparticular treatment protocol, whereby upon confirmation of an identity,the particular treatment protocol is selected for operation of theeffector 1008), permitting the transmission of information associatedwith operation of the system 1000 or the status of the individualsubject to a record (e.g., an electronic health record or other healthdiary), or the like.

The state of the art has progressed to the point where there is littledistinction left between hardware, software, and/or firmwareimplementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware, software,and/or firmware is generally (but not always, in that in certaincontexts the choice between hardware and software can becomesignificant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs.There are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/orother technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware,software, and/or firmware), and that the preferred vehicle will varywith the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or othertechnologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determinesthat speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for amainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibilityis paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly softwareimplementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt forsome combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Hence, thereare several possible vehicles by which the processes and/or devicesand/or other technologies described herein can be effected, none ofwhich is inherently superior to the other in that any vehicle to beutilized is a choice dependent upon the context in which the vehiclewill be deployed and the specific concerns (e.g., speed, flexibility, orpredictability) of the implementer, any of which may vary. Those skilledin the art will recognize that optical aspects of implementations willtypically employ optically-oriented hardware, software, and or firmware.

In some implementations described herein, logic and similarimplementations can include software or other control structures.Electronic circuitry, for example, may have one or more paths ofelectrical current constructed and arranged to implement variousfunctions as described herein. In some implementations, one or moremedia can be configured to bear a device-detectable implementation whensuch media hold or transmit a device detectable instructions operable toperform as described herein. In some variants, for example,implementations can include an update or modification of existingsoftware or firmware, or of gate arrays or programmable hardware, suchas by performing a reception of or a transmission of one or moreinstructions in relation to one or more operations described herein.Alternatively or additionally, in some variants, an implementation caninclude special-purpose hardware, software, firmware components, and/orgeneral-purpose components executing or otherwise invokingspecial-purpose components. Specifications or other implementations canbe transmitted by one or more instances of tangible transmission mediaas described herein, optionally by packet transmission or otherwise bypassing through distributed media at various times.

Alternatively or additionally, implementations may include executing aspecial-purpose instruction sequence or otherwise invoking circuitry forenabling, triggering, coordinating, requesting, or otherwise causing oneor more occurrences of any functional operations described above. Insome variants, operational or other logical descriptions herein may beexpressed directly as source code and compiled or otherwise invoked asan executable instruction sequence. In some contexts, for example, C++or other code sequences can be compiled directly or otherwiseimplemented in high-level descriptor languages (e.g., alogic-synthesizable language, a hardware description language, ahardware design simulation, and/or other such similar mode(s) ofexpression). Alternatively or additionally, some or all of the logicalexpression may be manifested as a Verilog-type hardware description orother circuitry model before physical implementation in hardware,especially for basic operations or timing-critical applications. Thoseskilled in the art will recognize how to obtain, configure, and optimizesuitable transmission or computational elements, material supplies,actuators, or other common structures in light of these teachings.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments ofthe devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts,and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/orexamples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will beunderstood by those within the art that each function and/or operationwithin such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented,individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software,firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment,several portions of the subject matter described herein can beimplemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), orother integrated formats. However, some aspects of the embodimentsdisclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implementedin integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on oneor more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or morecomputer systems), as one or more programs running on one or moreprocessors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or moremicroprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof,and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for thesoftware and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skillin the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, the mechanisms ofthe subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed asa program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrativeembodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless ofthe particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry outthe distribution.

In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that thevarious embodiments described herein can be implemented, individuallyand/or collectively, by various types of electro-mechanical systemshaving a wide range of electrical components such as hardware, software,firmware, and/or virtually any combination thereof and a wide range ofcomponents that may impart mechanical force or motion such as rigidbodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics, electro-magneticallyactuated devices, and/or virtually any combination thereof.Consequently, as used herein “electro-mechanical system” includes, butis not limited to, electrical circuitry operably coupled with atransducer (e.g., an actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, a MicroElectro Mechanical System (MEMS), etc.), electrical circuitry having atleast one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having atleast one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least oneapplication specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming ageneral purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g.,a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which atleast partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein,or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at leastpartially carries out processes and/or devices described herein),electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of memory(e.g., random access, flash, read only, etc.)), electrical circuitryforming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch,optical-electrical equipment, etc.), and/or any non-electrical analogthereto, such as optical or other analogs. Those skilled in the art willalso appreciate that examples of electro-mechanical systems include butare not limited to a variety of consumer electronics systems, medicaldevices, as well as other systems such as motorized transport systems,factory automation systems, security systems, and/orcommunication/computing systems. Those skilled in the art will recognizethat electro-mechanical as used herein is not necessarily limited to asystem that has both electrical and mechanical actuation except ascontext may dictate otherwise.

In a general sense, the various aspects described herein can beimplemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range ofhardware, software, firmware, and/or any combination thereof and can beviewed as being composed of various types of “electrical circuitry.”Consequently, as used herein “electrical circuitry” includes, but is notlimited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electricalcircuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit,electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integratedcircuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing deviceconfigured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computerconfigured by a computer program which at least partially carries outprocesses and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessorconfigured by a computer program which at least partially carries outprocesses and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forminga memory device (e.g., forms of memory (e.g., random access, flash, readonly, etc.)), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communicationsdevice (e.g., a modem, communications switch, optical-electricalequipment, etc.). The subject matter described herein can be implementedin an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that at least a portion of thesystems and/or processes described herein can be integrated into animage processing system. A typical image processing system generallyincludes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device,memory such as volatile or non-volatile memory, processors such asmicroprocessors or digital signal processors, computational entitiessuch as operating systems, drivers, applications programs, one or moreinteraction devices (e.g., a touch pad, a touch screen, an antenna,etc.), control systems including feedback loops and control motors(e.g., feedback for sensing lens position and/or velocity; controlmotors for moving/distorting lenses to give desired focuses). An imageprocessing system can be implemented utilizing suitable commerciallyavailable components, such as those typically found in digital stillsystems and/or digital motion systems.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that at least a portion of thesystems and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a dataprocessing system. A data processing system generally includes one ormore of a system unit housing, a video display device, memory such asvolatile or non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors ordigital signal processors, computational entities such as operatingsystems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs,one or more interaction devices (e.g., a touch pad, a touch screen, anantenna, etc.), and/or control systems including feedback loops andcontrol motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity;control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/orquantities). A data processing system can be implemented utilizingsuitable commercially available components, such as those typicallyfound in data computing/communication and/or networkcomputing/communication systems.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that at least a portion of thesystems and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a motesystem. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical motesystem generally includes one or more memories such as volatile ornon-volatile memories, processors such as microprocessors or digitalsignal processors, computational entities such as operating systems,user interfaces, drivers, sensors, actuators, applications programs, oneor more interaction devices (e.g., an antenna USB ports, acoustic ports,etc.), control systems including feedback loops and control motors(e.g., feedback for sensing or estimating position and/or velocity;control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/orquantities). A mote system may be implemented utilizing suitablecomponents, such as those found in mote computing/communication systems.Specific examples of such components entail such as Intel Corporation'sand/or Crossbow Corporation's mote components and supporting hardware,software, and/or firmware.

In certain cases, use of a system or method may occur in a territoryeven if components are located outside the territory. For example, in adistributed computing context, use of a distributed computing system mayoccur in a territory even though parts of the system may be locatedoutside of the territory (e.g., relay, server, processor, signal-bearingmedium, transmitting computer, receiving computer, etc. located outsidethe territory). A sale of a system or method may likewise occur in aterritory even if components of the system or method are located and/orused outside the territory.

Further, implementation of at least part of a system for performing amethod in one territory does not preclude use of the system in anotherterritory. One skilled in the art will recognize that the hereindescribed components (e.g., operations), devices, objects, and thediscussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake ofconceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications arecontemplated. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars setforth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representativeof their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplaris intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion ofspecific components (e.g., operations), devices, and objects should notbe taken limiting.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singularterms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from theplural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as isappropriate to the context and/or application. The varioussingular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sakeof clarity.

The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates differentcomponents contained within, or connected with, different othercomponents. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures aremerely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can beimplemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense,any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality iseffectively “associated” such that the desired functionality isachieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve aparticular functionality can be seen as “operably coupled to” each othersuch that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective ofarchitectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components soassociated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or“operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality,and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewedas being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desiredfunctionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but arenot limited to physically mateable and/or physically interactingcomponents, and/or wirelessly interactable, and/or wirelesslyinteracting components, and/or logically interacting, and/or logicallyinteractable components.

In some instances, one or more components can be referred to herein as“configured to,” “configured by,” “configurable to,” “operable/operativeto,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc.Those skilled in the art will recognize that such terms (e.g.“configured to”) can generally encompass active-state components and/orinactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unlesscontext requires otherwise.

While particular aspects of the present subject matter described hereinhave been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled inthe art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modificationscan be made without departing from the subject matter described hereinand its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are toencompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as arewithin the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein.

It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, termsused herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of theappended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term“including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” theterm “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term“includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,”etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if aspecific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such anintent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence ofsuch recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid tounderstanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of theintroductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claimrecitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed toimply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinitearticles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing suchintroduced claim recitation to claims containing only one suchrecitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases“one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or“an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “atleast one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use ofdefinite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, evenif a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitlyrecited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitationshould typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number(e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without othermodifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or morerecitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a conventionanalogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in generalsuch a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the artwould understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one ofA, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have Aalone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and Ctogether, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where aconvention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, ingeneral such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill inthe art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at leastone of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that haveA alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and Ctogether, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be furtherunderstood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive wordand/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in thedescription, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplatethe possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, orboth terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “Aor B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A”or “B” or “A and B.”

This disclosure has been made with reference to various exampleembodiments. However, those skilled in the art will recognize thatchanges and modifications may be made to the embodiments withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, variousoperational steps, as well as components for carrying out operationalsteps, may be implemented in alternate ways depending upon theparticular application or in consideration of any number of costfunctions associated with the operation of the system; e.g., one or moreof the steps may be deleted, modified, or combined with other steps.

Additionally, as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in theart, principles of the present disclosure, including components, may bereflected in a computer program product on a computer-readable storagemedium having computer-readable program code means embodied in thestorage medium. Any tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium may be utilized, including magnetic storage devices (hard disks,floppy disks, and the like), optical storage devices (CD-ROMs, DVDs,Blu-ray discs, and the like), flash memory, and/or the like. Thesecomputer program instructions may be loaded onto a general purposecomputer, special purpose computer, or other programmable dataprocessing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructionsthat execute on the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus create a means for implementing the functions specified. Thesecomputer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readablememory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processingapparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructionsstored in the computer-readable memory produce an article ofmanufacture, including implementing means that implement the functionspecified. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause aseries of operational steps to be performed on the computer or otherprogrammable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process, suchthat the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmableapparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified.

The foregoing specification has been described with reference to variousembodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciatethat various modifications and changes can be made without departingfrom the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, this disclosureis to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense,and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scopethereof. Likewise, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problemshave been described above with regard to various embodiments. However,benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that maycause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become morepronounced are not to be construed as a critical, a required, or anessential feature or element. As used herein, the terms “comprises,”“comprising,” and any other variation thereof are intended to cover anon-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, a method, an article, oran apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include onlythose elements but may include other elements not expressly listed orinherent to such process, method, system, article, or apparatus.

In an embodiment, the system is integrated in such a manner that thesystem operates as a unique system configured specifically for functionof the pain therapy device or system (e.g., system 1000), and anyassociated computing devices of the system operate as specific usecomputers for purposes of the claimed system, and not general usecomputers. In an embodiment, at least one associated computing device ofthe system operates as a specific use computer for purposes of theclaimed system, and not a general use computer. In an embodiment, atleast one of the associated computing devices of the system is hardwiredwith a specific ROM to instruct the at least one computing device. In anembodiment, one of skill in the art recognizes that the pain therapydevice or system (e.g., system 1000) effects an improvement at least inthe technological field of pain sensing and pain therapy.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopeand spirit being indicated by the following claims.

1. A system, comprising: a deformable substrate configured to interfacewith a skin surface of a body portion of an individual subject; a sensorassembly coupled to the deformable substrate, the sensor assemblyincluding a motion sensor and a physiological sensor, the sensorassembly configured to generate one or more sense signals based ondetection of a movement of the body portion by the motion sensor and aphysiological parameter of the body portion by the physiological sensor;a processor operably coupled to the sensor assembly and configured toreceive the one or more sense signals, the processor including circuitryconfigured to identify a physiological state of the individual subjectbased on at least one of the movement of the body portion or thephysiological parameter; and an effector operably coupled to theprocessor and configured to affect the body portion responsive tocontrol by the processor.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one ormore sense signals are indicative of a pain state.
 3. (canceled)
 4. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the effector includes at least one ultrasoundtransducer. 5.-10. (canceled)
 11. The system of claim 4, wherein the atleast one ultrasound transducer is configured to generate ultrasoundsignals according to at least a first treatment pattern and a secondtreatment pattern.
 12. (canceled)
 13. The system of claim 11, whereinthe first treatment pattern differs from the second treatment patternaccording to at least one of a target site of the body portion of theindividual subject or a target depth of the body portion of theindividual subject.
 14. (canceled)
 15. The system of claim 4, whereinthe at least one ultrasound transducer includes a first ultrasoundtransducer configured for placement on a first location on the bodyportion of the individual subject and a second ultrasound transducerconfigured for placement on a second location on the body portion of theindividual subject. 16.-82. (canceled)
 83. The system of claim 1,further including a comparison module accessible by the processor tocompare at least one of the detected movement of the body portion or thephysiological parameter of the body portion to reference data indicativeof a pain state.
 84. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor isconfigured to activate the effector to affect the body portionresponsive to the physiological state corresponding to a pain stateexperienced by the individual subject. 85.-105. (canceled)
 106. Thesystem of claim 1, further including at least one of a receiver or atransceiver configured to receive one or more communication signals froman external device. 107.-115. (canceled)
 116. The system of claim 1,further including a nerve sensor configured to identify a nerve targetfor action by the effector. 117.-153. (canceled)
 154. The system ofclaim 4, wherein the at least one ultrasound transducer includes atleast one of an array of ultrasound transducers, an ultrasoundtransducer configured to generate low intensity ultrasound signals, anultrasound transducer configured to generate high intensity focusedultrasound signals, an ultrasound transducer configured to generate lowdose, high frequency ultrasound signals, an ultrasound transducerconfigured to generate ultrasound signals on a pulsed basis, or anultrasound transducer configured to generate ultrasound signals on acontinuous basis.
 155. The system of claim 1, wherein the effectorincludes at least one of an electrode, a magnetic stimulator, an opticalstimulator, a thermal stimulator, an acoustic stimulator, a mechanicalstimulator, or a vibration stimulator.
 156. The system of claim 1,wherein the physiological sensor includes at least one of anelectrophysiological sensor, an electrocardiograph, anelectrooculography, a microneurograph, a myograph, an electromyograph(EMG), a surface electromyography, an acoustic myography sensor, amechanomyography sensor, an accelerometer myography sensor, a strainsensor, a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, an optical sensor, alight emitting diode (LED), a fiber optic sensor, a flexible photonicsensor, an oximeter, a near infrared sensor, a skin conductance sensor,a bioimpedance sensor, a pH sensor, an acoustic sensor, or a chemicalsensor.
 157. The system of claim 156, wherein the physiological sensorincludes the pressure sensor, and wherein at least one of thephysiological sensor or the processor includes circuitry configured todetermine at least one of a risk of prolonged pressure exerted on thebody portion or a risk of ischemia for the body portion.
 158. The systemof claim 156, wherein the physiological sensor includes the chemicalsensor, and wherein the chemical sensor is configured to detect at leastone of a saccharide, a salt, lactate, an electrolyte, a hormone, aneuropeptide, a peptide, a protein, a nucleotide, an inflammatorymediator, or a pro-inflammatory cytokine.
 159. The system of claim 1,wherein the processor is configured to activate the effector to affectthe body portion responsive to at least one of a predetermined amount ofmovement of the body portion, a predetermined type of movement of thebody portion, or a predetermined velocity of movement of the bodyportion.
 160. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor assembly isconfigured to generate one or more identity sense signals associatedwith at least one physical characteristic of the individual subject,wherein the at least one physical characteristic includes at least oneof a skin topography feature, a pattern of a skin surface, a folliclepattern, an electric current pattern, a photovoltaic current pattern, avascular pattern, or a skin resistivity measurement, and wherein theprocessor is configured to permit operation of one or more of the sensorassembly or the effector only when the one or more identity sensesignals correspond to an authorized individual.
 161. The system of claim1, further including a user interface, wherein the processor is operablycoupled to the user interface and is configured to generate one or morecommunication signals for display by the user interface, wherein the oneor more communication signals include a request for user input regardingan operation state of the effector, and wherein the processor isconfigured to at least one of prevent activation of the effectorresponsive to a user command via the user interface or to activate theeffector responsive to a user command via the user interface.
 162. Thesystem of claim 106, wherein the processor is configured to at least oneof activate the effector to affect the body portion responsive to theone or more communication signals from the external device or preventactivation of the effector responsive to the one or more communicationsignals from the external device.
 163. The system of claim 1, whereinthe processor is configured to determine a rest state of the bodyportion based upon the one or more sense signals, and wherein theprocessor is configured to activate the effector to affect the bodyportion only when the body portion is at rest.